الفهرس 
ContentsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final common pathway of numerous kidney diseases, which ultimately cause death unless treated by dialysis and renal transplant.
Oral manifestations of renal diseases are related to osteodystrophy. They include bone demineralization of the mandible and maxilla ,loss of trabeculation ,ground glass apppearnce , total or partial loss of lamina dura and giant cell lesion and the compact bone become thinned and eventually disappear.
The rapidly increasing number of patients with impaired renal function makes it necessary for the dental surgeons ad prosthodontics to have a through understanding of the nature of the disease.
The problem that may arise during dental procedures and in particular prosthetic construction demands ‘least damaging and adverse effects to already debilitated supporting dental tissues.
This clinical study was aimed to evaluate the distal extension removable prosthesis with two different clasp designs effect on abutment supporting tissue health for chronic ,renal failure patients had renal dialysis and kidney transplant patient had immunosuppressive therapy.
Removable distal extension prosthesis retaining clasps studied were reversed Aker clasp design approaching abutment distobuccal undercut occiusaly and Combination wrought wire clasp.