الفهرس 
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Abstract
Paternity testing is a series of tests that carried out to exclude a specified father as being the father of a particular child. This study investigates the most reliable tests for cases of disputed paternity in our locality and compares between the previous traditional tests and the recent tests. Also the study aims to study the effectiveness of each test and how far we can depend on them for exclusion and inclusion of paternity with no doubt. The study was conducted on 51 families who were chosen randomly with no history of consanguinity between parents. Each family consisted of trio: father, mother and their first child. Another ten unrelated men were chosen randomly to be considered as the alleged fathers. Those alleged fathers were tested against the legal fathers of the 51 families from one to 10 and then repeated in the same order (1 - 10) with the other 41 families. A peripheral blood samples 10 mL on EDTA was collected from each subject. Each sample was divided into: 2 mL for testing the major and minor blood groups with the agglutination method and the other 8 mL for DNA fingerprinting by using the PCR amplification technique. This study has shown that: blood groups testing are good tool for exclusion of paternity. Of the five tested minor blood groups; MNSs, Duffy and Kidd are the most informative. The use of the highly polymorphic three DNA loci is superior to blood groups in excluding or proving paternity. Single exclusion by the blood groups or DNA fingerprinting may be considered as false exclusion. Further tests are necessary to be carried out. Blood groups testing for paternity determination have in general low values of probability of paternity in legal fathers (22.59 % - 98.54 %). While in alleged the PP was (28.88 % - 98.63 %). DNA fingerprinting for paternity determination has higher values of PP in legal fathers (80.18 % - 99.36 %) than the blood groups testing. While in alleged fathers the PP was (42.53 % - 96.34 %). The combination of blood groups with three DNA loci has the highest PP in legal fathers (83.58 % - 99.96 %) and it is superior to the blood grouping only or DNA fingerprinting only. While in alleged fathers the PP was (37.69 % - 99.93 %). The false negative results are frequent with the combination of major and minor blood groups with three DNA loci because they have the lowest sensitivity. The combination of major blood groups (ABO & Rh) with three DNA loci is proved to be the most reliable test system for both exclusion and inclusion of paternity. This combination has the higher sensitivity, specificity and higher PP (83.44 % - 99.61 %). The genes frequencies of the population affect the values of PP. Genes with low frequency increased the PP and vice versa. For example; the dominant K gene had lower frequency (1.79 %), while the recessive k gene had the higher frequency (98.21 %). When the obligatory gene was the K gene the PP was (96.55 %). On the other hand when the obligatory gene was k gene the PP was (50.41 %). It is recommended to use a combination of major blood groups with DNA loci to get the highest probability of paternity. Test more system in cases of single exclusion, increase the sample size, use of more STR loci to get PP > 99.99 %. Also use the more accurate method like DNA sequencing. Egyptian data base should be available, use polyacrelamide gel instead of agarose gel to minimize the visual error. Also avoid PCR pitfalls by strict quality control measures.