الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was performed on 38 diabetic patients who were compared with 9 age and sex matched healthy subjects who served as the control group (group E). Diabetic patients were classified into:- Group A : 9 diabetic patients without complications. Group B. : 9 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy Group C : 10 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy . Group D : 10 diabetic patients with diabetic neuropathy . Patients suffering from heart diseases, liver diseases, other endocrinal disorders other than diabetes were excluded from the study. Patients and control were subjected to : 1- Thorough history taking 2-Clinical examination with stress on . - Duration of DM - Treatment of DM - Manifestation of diabetic complications e.g nephropathy , retinopathy and neuropathy. 3 - Investigations 1- laboratory investigations - Urine analysis for microalbuminuria - Serum creatinine - Fasting blood glucose - Glycated hemoglobin - Plasma adrenomedullin 2- Fundus examination 3-ECG 4- Autonomic function tests