الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
There at-e nUmet-OLIS approaches t~ the adt-enal gland. The ch depends on the undet-lyi ng caLIse o~ the ena.l pathology, the size o~ the adt-enal, the site o~ the abitus o~ the patient, and the e}:pet-ience and the opet-ating SLlt-geon. In some cases, options a cat-e~LIl review o~ all these vat-iables at-e t-equit-ed a choice is made. ThLls, each case shoLlld be i ndi vi dually, althoLlgh thet-e at-e pt-e~et-t-ed ~Ot- given diseases. For e}:ample, the postet-iot- Ot- poster iot- approach is pt-e~et-t-ed ~Ot- small d lesions. An abdominal appt-oach is utilized a patient with multiple pheochromocytoma. In contt-ast, a adt-enal carcinoma may t-equit-e a thot-acoabdominal proach and a well-local i zed lat-ge pheocht-omocytoma may best e::cised throLgh a similar incision i~ thet-e is no evidence r multiple lesions.CVaujhan, 1991.). erati ve Techniques: I Be~ot-e desct-ibing speci~ic techniqLles, some uni~ying ncepts wat-t-ant attention. Adequate visLlalization with the at-ing o~ head lamps is ct-itical. Hemostasis shoLlld be gOt-ously’maintained. The opet-ator should being the adt-enal