الفهرس 
PATHOLOGY OF CONGENITALOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study demonestrates that the infantile nonunion (congenital pseudarthrosis) is st11 .3,major therapeutic challenge to orthopedic surgeon because it is so difficult to achieve union. Success is far less predictable than in the ununited fracture of the adult tibia. The etiology of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia is not clear. An attempt has been made to su¬mmarize the various theories. Earlier theories of in¬trauterine trauma, embryonic constricting bands, em¬bryonic adhesions and abnormal vascular supply have, over the years, been discarded. A strong association is recognized, be twe en neurofibromatosis, fibrous dys¬plasia and pseudarthrosis of the tibia. The congenital angulation of the lower leg with anterior bowing with¬out a plasia of the fibula or foot may give rise to spon tenous fracture and pseudarthrosis and should be considered as non-manifested congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia or pre-pseudarthrosis. Two other factors, namely mechanical and electrical, need also to be con¬sidered. They are related to each other and to the aetiogical factors described, but the extent of the relationship is not clear. Congenital pseudarthrosis most commonly involves the distal half of the tibia. There are three types of lesions, a complete defect in the bone, a congenital boney cyst, and congenital anterior or anterolateral , bowing of the tibia. Anderson (1973) classified the congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia into 4 radiolo¬gically different types, dysplastic, clubfoot, cystic and sclerotic type. The condition may present in one of varj ery rarely a baby may present at birth wi 1 ture tibia secondary to a cystic lesion. ~ ommonly, there is some anterior or anterolat .