الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Solar energy stands out as a promising renewable energy source with vast potential for addressing global energy needs while mitigating environmental impacts. However, its widespread adoption faces several challenges, including intermittent, variability, and inefficiencies in energy capture. A significant obstacle lies in the suboptimal orientation of Photovoltaic (PV) panels, which can significantly impact energy production efficiency. Thus, optimizing tilt angles (TAs) becomes crucial for maximizing solar panel performance and improving overall system efficiency. The study accurately examines the efficiency of solar panels at various fixed (TAs), ranging from 0° to 90°, utilizing gray wolf optimization (GWO) to identify the optimal tilt angle (OTA) for PV panels. This is supplemented by an experimental work involving three 100 W PV panels tilted at three different (TAs): 28°, 30°, and 50°. The experimental data, collected daily over a complete one year or 365 days period, reveals that the 28° tilt angle (TA) exhibits superior energy production compared to 50° and 30°. The GWO calculates the OTA to be 28.445°, aligning closely with experimental results. Through rigorous analysis and experimentation, it becomes evident that maintaining a fixed (TA) is practical and cost effective compared to dynamic adjustments. Moreover, the research underscores the importance of considering seasonal and regional changes in solar radiation (SR) patterns when determining (TAs). Analysis of data collected over a 365-day period highlights the consistency and reliability of fixed (TAs) in achieving optimal energy production year-round, reducing the need for costly and impractical dynamic adjustments. Overall, the findings emphasize the practicality and efficiency of maintaining a fixed (TA) for solar energy systems, offering valuable insights for the design and implementation of renewable energy technologies. By adhering to fixed (TAs) tailored to specific geographic locations, optimal energy production can be achieved, facilitating the widespread adoption of solar energy on a global scale.