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Abstract Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that: 1. Root canal instrumentation and irrigation activation have a major role in bacterial reduction.2. None of the tested irrigation activation techniques completely eliminated the organisms. 3. PUI, ECCR, and ECR have a better bacterial reduction in primary root canal infections than the CNI group. Recommendations: Further, in-vivo studies should be directed toward the evaluation of the clinical signs and symptoms accompanied by microbial reduction before and after chemomechanical preparation with different irrigation protocols and irrigation–-activation. Furthermore, in vitro studies are recommended to evaluate the apical extrusion of debris after using tested irrigation activation techniques. |