الفهرس 
Bladder cancerOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most common tumors that affect humans in a worldwide fashion and it has been reported to be the 8th most common tumor affecting people, its exact cause is not known, but it is believed to be multifactorial mostly caused by genetic mutations that affect proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes including XRCC3 (rs 861539) gene polymorphism.
Bladder cancer has many risk factors that increases the susceptibility for its development among them are cigarette smoking ,occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens ,age as it has been recorded to be the disease of elderly patients , sex , chronic bladder infection and exposure to ionizing radiation either as an occupational hazard for health care workers in radiology department in hospitals or exposure to therapeutic doses for management of cancer elsewhere in their body or exposure to ionizing radiation in diagnostic radiological techniques as computed tomography urogram and PET-CT scan .
Exposure to ionizing radiation and chemical carcinogens from cigarette smoking and occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens causes DNA artifacts that are normally managed with functional DNA repair genes ,but , when DNA repair genes are mutated they lose their role in correction of DNA adducts and the result would uncontrolled cloning and clustering of aberrant cells with DNA artifacts that end up in the initiation and propagation of bladder cancer .
DNA repair genes includes many categories of genes as that group of genes which function in double strand break repair as XRCC3 gene which is located on long arm of chromosome 14 , it belongs to one of RAD 51 like proteins that function in homologous recombination in double stranded break repair