الفهرس 
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Abstract
In modern nuclear physics, the exploration of highly neutron- or proton-rich nuclei across both light and heavy elements stands as a pivotal and captivating research area. The collective interplay of various phenomena influencing nuclear binding energy dictates the balance of neutrons and protons relative to the most stable configuration for a given mass number. This equilibrium is illustrated in figure (1-1), where the stability region is mapped out on a chart of nuclides, depicting each bound nucleus as a function of its neutron (N) and proton (Z) numbers.The decay of neutrons into protons, or vice versa, leads to the transformation of these nuclei into stable cores when they approach stability. This transformation is driven by weak interactions, which elucidate the extraordinarily long-time frames required for decay processes, spanning from milliseconds to millions of years.unbound to proton (neutron) emission in their ground state. Due to the increasing influence of the Coulomb force in breaking apart the nucleus as the proton-to-neutron ratio rises, the proton drip line is notably closer to stability.