الفهرس 
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Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted at the research farm of Mallawi Agricultural Research Station in two successive seasons of 2021 and 2022 summer seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed as foliar application at two concentrations 50 and 100 ppm beside unsprayed treatment 0 ppm (control) with inoculation with BradyRhizobium japonicum and un-inoculation (control.) and cultivars of soybean, Giza-111; Giza-22; Giza-21 cultivar were planted.
The design of the experiments was split-split plot with three replicates, the main plots were devoted to salicylic acid and the sub-plots were assigned to the inoculation with Bradyrhizobium Jeponicum and soybean cultivars were randomly allocated in sub-sub plots.
This study was conducted to clarify the effect of the most critical factors affecting the productivity and quality of soybean seeds. These factors included spraying with salicylic acid, inoculation with BradyRhizobium japonicum and soybean cultivars. The results were arranged in four categories i.e. growth, yield components, yield and seed chemical as follows:
I- Growth and growth measurements:
1- Number of nodules/plant:
Spraying by salicylic acid at 50 ppm, inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and G.111 variety gave the highest number of nodules/plant at all ages in both seasons. The interaction between salicylic acid at 50 ppm and bacterial inoculation using G.111 variety produced the highest number of nodules/plant at all ages in both seasons
2- Plant height (cm):
In general salicylic acid sprayed 50 ppm gave the tallest plants, the highest plants were resulted from those treated with inoculations, and cultivar Giza-111 recorded the tallest plants. The tallest plants were recorded from Giza-111 cultivar with inoculations and salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm while, the shortest plant obtained from Giza-21 cultivar with un-inoculations and salicylic acid sprayed 0 ppm at all ages in both seasons except at 75 days in 2021 season.
3- Number of branches per plant:
In general, the highest number of branches per plant was recorded to plants with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm. The highest number of branches per plant was obtained from bacterial inoculation in both seasons. Cultivar, Giza-111 surpassed other cultivars in number of branches per plant, however Giza-21 produced the lowest ones in both seasons. The highest number of branches per plant was obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm with bacterial inoculation and cultivar, Giza-111 at different ages in both seasons. While, the lowest ones was resulted from salicylic acid at 0 ppm with un-inoculation and soybean cultivar Giza-21 at different ages in both seasons.
4- Number of leaves per plant:
The highest number of leaves per plant at all studied ages was obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm in both seasons.The highest number of leaves per plant was obtained from bacterial inoculation, while at all ages in both seasons. Soybean cultivar Giza-111 exceeded the other cultivars in number of leaves/plant at all ages in both seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm, bacterial inoculation and Giza-111 0r Giza-22 cultivars obtaining the highest number of leaves/plant, while the lowest ones was recorded by salicylic acid spared at 0 or 100 ppm and un-inoculation with Giza-21 cultivar.
5- Total dry weight per plant (g):
Maximum total dry weight per plant was recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm in both seasons. The maximum dry weight/plant at all ages was obtained from bacterial inoculation. at all ages in both seasons, Giza-111 cultivar surpassed the other cultivars in this trait at the three sampling ages in both seasons. The highest value of dry weight per plant was recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm with inoculation and Giza-111 cultivar in both seasons.
6- Leaf area per plant (cm2):
Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm gave the highest leaf area per plant followed by concentration of 100 ppm, while the lowest ones were obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 0 or100 ppm. at different sampling ages in both seasons. The highest leaf area per plant was obtained from bacterial inoculation, at all ages in both seasons. The greatest leaf area per plant was recorded for Giza-22 cultivar at all ages in 2021 season while Giza-111 surpassed it in the rest of the growth periods during the two growing seasons. The highest value of leaf area per plant was resulted from sowing plants of Giza-22 cultivar with bacterial inoculation and salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm at 60 and 90 days after sowing in 2021 season and after 60 days from sowing of Giza-21 cultivar with inoculation and salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm surpassed in 2022 season as well as the highest value of leaf area per plant was resulted from Giza-111 cultivar with inoculation and salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm at 75 days in both seasons and at 90 days in the second season.
7- Leaf area index (LAI):
Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm gave the highest leaf area index per plant at all studied periods in the two growing seasons except, at 60 days in the second season. The highest leaf area index per plant was obtained from bacterial inoculation in both seasons. The greatest leaf area per plant was recoded for Giza-22 cultivar at the ages of 60 and 90 days after sowing in 2021 and 2022 season. While, in the rest of the growth periods are during the two growing seasons the highest value was recorded with Giza-111 cultivar. The highest value of leaf area index per plant was resulted from Giza-111 cultivar, inoculation with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm at all ages in 2021 and 2022 seasons except after 90 days in first season from Giza-22 cultivar, inoculation with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm.
8- Crop growth rate (C. G. R.):
Maximum crop growth rate was recorded for salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm at all ages in both season except, at 90 days in the second season maximum ones was recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 100 ppm. The maximum crop growth rate at ages of 75 and 90 days after sowing in both seasons was obtained from bacterial inoculation except, at 90 days in second season from un- inoculation. Giza-21 cultivar surpassed the other cultivars in this trait at 90 days in both seasons while, Giza-22 and Giza-111 cultivars surpassed at 75 days in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The lowest ones at 75 days in both seasons obtained from. Giza-21 cultivar, while the lowest ones at 90 days in both seasons obtained from Giza-22 cultivar. The highest value of crop growth rate was recorded from the interaction of salicylic acid at 0 ppm , inoculation with Giza-111 cultivar at 75 days in both seasons, whereas at 90 days the highest crop growth rate was recorded from 0 ppm, un- inoculation with Giza-21 cultivar in first season as well as, 100 ppm , un- inoculation with Giza-21 cultivar in second season.
9- Number of days to 50% flowering:
Data showed that, the highest number of days to 50% flowering was obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm while salicylic acid sprayed at 0 or 100 ppm were earlier to form their flowers than 50 ppm and attained the lowest number of days to 50% flowering. The mean number of days 50% flowering was significantly decreased with inoculation treatment and increases without adding inoculation during the two growing seasons. The earliest cultivar in flowering was Giza-22 and Giza-111 cultivars, while Giza-21 cultivar was the latest concerning this trait in the two growing seasons. the highest number of days to 50% flowering was resulted from salicylic acid at 50 ppm, un-inoculation with Giza-21 cultivar in both seasons.
10- Number of days to maturity:
The results showed that, the latest matured was obtained from 0 ppm while salicylic acid sprayed at 100 ppm were earlier to form their flowers than those concentration and attained the lowest number of days from sowing to maturity in both seasons. The mean number of day’s maturity was significantly decreased with the inoculation treatment in the first season while in the second season the un- inoculation was significantly lowered number of days from planting to maturity. The earliest matured cultivar was Giza-22, while Giza-21 was the latest matured cultivar in the two seasons. The earliest matured obtained from salicylic acid at 100 ppm, inoculation with Giza-211 cultivar in first season and from salicylic acid at 100 ppm , un-inoculation with Giza-21 cultivar in second season.
II- Yield components:
1- Plant height (cm):
The data results reported that salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm gave the tallest plants in both seasons but the shortest plants were attained from sprayed 0 and 100 ppm in this study in first and second season, respectively. The tallest plants were resulted from those treated with bacterial inoculations in both seasons. Soybean cultivar, Giza-111 and Giza-21 cultivars recorded the tallest plants in first and second season, respectively, whereas Giza-22 and Giza-111 cultivars recorded the shortest plants in first and second season, respectively. The tallest plants were recorded from salicylic acid sprayed 100 ppm with Giza-22 cultivar planted with the un-inoculations in first season. While, in the second season resulted from salicylic acid sprayed 50 ppm with Giza-21 cultivar planted with the inoculations.
2- Number of branches per plant:
The highest number of branches per plant was recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 and 100 ppm in first and second seasons, respectively. In both growing seasons. The highest number of branches per plant was obtained from bacterial inoculations in both seasons. Soybean cultivar, Giza-111 exceeded the other cultivars in number of branches per plant in both seasons. The highest ones were obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm with inoculation and soybean cultivar Giza-111. in both seasons.
3- Height of the first pod (cm.):
The highest first pod from ground was obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm with comparison to salicylic acid sprayed at 50 0r 100 ppm. The height of the first pod where it was significantly increased with bacterial inoculations in both seasons. The first pod was formed at the highest position from the ground surface in the plants of Giza-21 and Giza-22 cultivars in both growing seasons. However, the first pod was in the lowest position from the ground surface was in the plants of Giza-111 and Giza-21 cultivars in both growing seasons. The highest position of the first pod was obtained by salicylic acid 0 ppm and sowing Giza-21 cultivar with the bacterial inoculation in the first season. Whereas, in the second season from salicylic acid at 0 ppm and sowing Giza-22 cultivar with the un-inoculation treatment.
4- Number of fruitful node(clusters) per main stem:
In general, salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest number of fruit nodes per main stem, while the lowest ones were recorded to salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm and this trend was true in both seasons. Generally, the addition the bacterial inoculation produced the highest number of fruitful nodes per main stem, in both seasons. The plants of Giza-111 cultivar carried the highest number of fruitful nodes per main stem in both seasons. However, the lowest ones were recorded to Giza-22 cultivar in the first season, while the plants of Giza-21 cultivar do the same in 2022 season. Giza-111 cultivar produced the greatest number of fruitful nodes under the addition of inoculation with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm in both seasons.
5- Number of pods per plant:
Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest number of pods per plant. However, the lowest ones were recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm in both seasons. Generally, the inoculation treatment produced the highest number of pods per plant in both seasons. The plants of Giza-111 cultivar carried the highest number of pods per plant. However, the lowest 0nes was recorded to Giza-21 cultivar in the both seasons. The highest value was recorded to salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm under the inoculation treatment with Giza-111 cultivar in both seasons.
6- Number of seeds per pods:
Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest number of seeds per plant. However, the lowest ones was recorded salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm and this trend was true in both seasons. The treatment of addition the inoculation attained the highest number of seeds per plant in both seasons. The plants of Giza-111 cultivar produced the highest number of seeds per plant in both seasons.
7- Seed index:
The results showed that foliar salicylic acid (SA) enhanced significantly seed index in both seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest seed index in both seasons. However, the lowest ones were recorded to salicylic acid sprayed at o ppm and this trend was true in both seasons. Generally, the treatment of inoculation produced the highest seed index in both seasons. The plants of Giza-111 cultivar attained the highest seed index. while, the lowest ones were recorded to Giza-21 cultivar in both seasons. The greatest seed produced from Giza-111 cultivar sown with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm under inoculation, while treatment Giza-21 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm under un-inoculation attained the lowest value in both seasons.
8- Seed yield per plant (g):
The results showed that foliar salicylic acid (SA) affected significantly seed yield per plant in both seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest seed yield per plant (g). However, the lowest ones were recorded to salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm and this trend was true in both seasons. The inoculation treatment produced the highest seed yield per plant in both seasons, however, the lowest one was recorded to Giza-21cultivar in both seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm with Giza-111 cultivar under the addition of inoculation produced the greatest seed yield per plant in both seasons.
111- Yield
1- Seed yield (ton/ fed):
The results showed that foliar salicylic acid (SA) enhanced significantly seed yield (ton/fed) in both seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest seed yield of soybean i.e. 1.946 and 1.896 (ton/fed) in 2021and 2022 seasons, respectively. However, the lowest ones 1.608 and 1.607 (ton/fed) was recorded for salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm, respectively. Inoculation treatment produced the highest seed yield of soybean i.e. 1.927 and 1.912 (ton/fed) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The plants of Giza-111 cultivar produced the highest seed yield of soybean i.e. 1.826 and 1.804 (ton/fed) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. However, the lowest seed yield of soybean was recorded for Giza-21 cultivar which were1.741and1.710 (ton/fed) in both seasons, respectively. Giza-111 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm under the addition inoculation produced the heaviest seed yield in both seasons. But Giza-22 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm under the un-inoculation, attained the lowest ones in both seasons.
2- Straw yield (ton/ fed.):
The results showed that foliar salicylic acid (SA) enhanced significantly straw yield (ton/fed) in both seasons. Salicylic acid sprayed at 50 and 100 ppm produced the highest straw yield of soybean (ton/fed) i.e.1.900 and 2.191 in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. However, the lowest ones (ton/ fed.) of 1.628 and 1.937 were recorded to salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm and 50 ppm in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Generally, inoculation and un-inoculation treatment produced the highest straw yield of soybean (ton/ fed.) 1.873 and 2.240 in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The plants of Giza-111 and Giza-22 cultivars produced the highest straw yield of soybean (ton/ fed.) i.e. 1.863 and 2.089 in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. However, the lowest straw yield of soybean was recorded to Giza-22 and Giza-21 cultivar i.e. 1.662 and 2.037 (ton/ fed.) in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. Giza-111 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 100 ppm under the addition inoculation and un- inoculation produced the greatest straw yield of soybean (ton/ fed.) of 2.020 and 2.333, in both seasons, respectively. But Giza-22 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 100 ppm under the un-inoculation and salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm with Giza-21 cultivar under the addition inoculation, attained the lowest value of 1.423 and 1.807 (ton/ fed.) in both seasons, respectively.
3- Harvest index %:
Results presented show that salicylic acid sprayed at 100 ppm produced the highest harvest index of soybean per fed., which 51.061% in 2021 season, while salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest with a value of 49.279% in 2022 season. However, the lowest ones of 49.696 and 43.550% per fed. were recorded to salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm in both seasons, respectively. Generally, inoculation treatment produced the highest harvest index of soybean 50.708 and 48.906% per fed. in 2021 and 2022 seasons respectively, The plants of Giza-22 and Giza-111 cultivar surpassed the other soybean cultivars with a value of 51.373% and 46.355% in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. While the lowest ones of 49.406 and 45.149 were recorded to Giza-111 and Giza-22 cultivars in both seasons, respectively. Giza-22 and Giza-111 cultivars under inoculation and un-inoculation treatment with salicylic acid sprayed at 100 and 50 ppm produced the greatest harvest index of soybean in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively whereas.
4- Biological yield (ton/fed):
Results presented show that salicylic acid sprayed 50 and 100 ppm produced the highest biological yield i.e. 3.846and 3.925 (ton/ fed.) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively However, the lowest ones obtained from salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm with biological yields i.e. 3.236 and 3.691( ton/ fed.) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Generally, the addition of the addition of the inoculation produced the highest biological yield of soybean i.e. 3.800 and 3.908 (ton/ fed.) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The plants of Giza-111 cultivars produced the highest biological yield of soybean i.e. 3.689 and 3.889 (ton/ fed.) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Giza-111 cultivar under the addition of inoculation with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the greatest biological yields of soybean in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively.
5- Land use efficiency (LUE):
Results presented show that salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm produced the highest land use efficiency i.e. 16.333 and 16.128 (kg seed/day) in 2021and 2022 seasons, respectively and followed by those salicylic acid sprayed at 100 ppm with seed yields 14.915 and 14.782 (kg seed/day) in2021and 2022 seasons, respectively. Generally, the inoculation treatment produced the highest land use efficiency (LUE) i.e. 16.161 and 16.209 (kg seed/day) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The plants of Giza-111 cultivar produced the highest Land use efficiency i.e. 15,289 and 15.307 (kg seed/day) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively and followed by Giza-22 cultivar produced the highest ones 14.752and 14.653 (kg seed /day) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively Giza-111 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm under the addition inoculation produced the greatest land use efficiency in both seasons, respectively. But Giza-22 and Giza-21 cultivar with salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm under the un-inoculation attained the lowest value in both seasons, respectively.
IV. Seed chemical contents.
1- Seed oil percentage:
Results obtained show that Seed oil percentage was gradually decreased in degreasing salicylic acid sprayed in both seasons. The highest seed oil percentages of 19.616 and 20.268 % were recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. However, salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm attained the lowest seed oil percentages i.e. 19.173 and 19.206 % in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. The highest seed oil percentage was recorded when inoculation which attained 19.555 and 20.261 % in both seasons, respectively. Giza-111 cultivar had the highest seed oil percentages of 19.759 and 19.958 % in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. However, Giza 22 and Giza 21 cultivars attained the lowest values of 18.886 and 19.578 % of this trait in 2021and 20022 seasons, respectively. The highest seed oil percentages were resulted from salicylic acid sprayed at 0 and/or 50 ppm with inoculation treatment with Giza-111 cultivar in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively.
2- Oil yield per fed. (kg):
Results show that the highest oil yields per fed. of 382.822 and 385.889 (kg) were recorded from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. However, salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm attained the lowest seed oil percentages of 309.029 and 309.384 (kg) in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. The highest oil yield per fed. (Kg) was recorded when inoculation which attained 377.518 and 388.313 (kg) in both seasons, respectively. Giza-111 cultivar had the highest seed oil percentages of 361.110 and 361.347 in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. However, Giza 22 and Giza 21cultivars attained the lowest values of 332.912 and 336.445(Kg) of this traits in 2021and 20022 seasons, respectively. Giza 111 sprayed salicylic acid at 50 ppm and inoculation gave the highest value in both seasons.
3- Seed crude protein percentage:
The highest seed protein percentages of (32.111 and 31.889 %) were produced from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm, while salicylic acid sprayed 0 ppm gave the lowest ones with values of (30.333 and 30.556 %) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The highest seed protein percentage was produced with inoculation treatment with the value of 32.148 and 31.815% in both seasons, respectively. Soybean cultivar, Giza-111, gave the highest seed protein % and its protein percentages reached 31.333 and 31.722 % in both season, respectively. However, the lowest values seed protein % due were recorded to Giza-22 cultivar which were 31.056 and 30.722 % in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. The highest seed protein percentages were resulted from soybean cultivar, Giza-111, with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm and under inoculation treatment in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively.
4- Protein yield per fed. (Kg) :
The highest protein yield of (627.088 and 607.977) was produced from salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm, while salicylic acid sprayed 0 ppm gave the lowest ones with values of (488.233 and 491.811) in 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. The highest protein yield was produced with inoculation treatment with the value of 627.088 and 607.977 in both seasons, respectively. Soybean cultivar, Giza-111, gave the highest protein yield and reached 575.334 and 575.211 in both seasons, respectively. However, the lowest ones due were recorded to Giza-21cultivar which were 524.226 and 529.117 in 2021 and 2022 season, respectively. The highest protein yield were resulted from soybean cultivar, Giza-111, with salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm and under inoculation treatment in both seasons, respectively. However, the lowest ones were recorded by salicylic acid sprayed at 0 ppm with Giza-22 cultivar under un-inoculation treatment in both seasons, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The choice of the new released cultivars used in this study aim at assisting farmers to reach the maximum yield with least costs and keep the environment uncontaminated.
from the results obtained in this study, it was found that salicylic acid sprayed at 50 ppm, sowing soybean cultivar Giza-111 or Giza-22 under the addition of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum led to obtaining the highest values of yield and its components under Minia Governorate conditions. There were some points must be put in mind when we grow soybean for specific purposes such as seed production, it is preferred that using a relative salicylic acid sprayed for instance in fields crop containing active native nodule bacteria and planting soybean without even inoculation.