الفهرس 
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Abstract
Salts with low melting points are known as ionic liquids (ILs). Ionic liquids may also exist as liquids at room temperature; these are referred to as room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). RTILs are made of ions, whereas liquids are usually made of neutral molecules. Amphiphilic substances known as surfactants are made up of molecules with a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. As a result, traditional ionic liquids (ILs) are also can be known as ionic liquid-based surfactants (ILBSs) or surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) because they may be made to function as surfactants by adding lengthy hydrophobic chains to their polar heads.
Researchers have recently focused on ILBSs as possible surfactants substitutes because of their capacity to get over problems and limitations such high toxicity, non-biodegradability, and the need for large concentrations to form stable micelles. Its low vapor pressure, excellent thermal stability, non-flammability, low toxicity, biodegradability, and non-volatility are among the many interesting properties of ILBSs. They may also be highly tailored and adjusted, making them task-specific and capable of significant surface activity in emulsion and aqueous systems. All these features attracted our attention to synthesis two new series of ILBSs, and utilizing them in different applications.
This work contained three sections, literature review, experimental, and results and discussion section.
A) Literature review section
This section contained a survey about the definition and classifications of surfactants and ionic liquids. It, also, contained a review about what is ILBSs and their advantages that made them superior to traditional surfactants in different applications. Some of ILs’, ILBSs’, and GILBSs’ preparation routes and some of their most important applications were mentioned.
B) Experimental section
In this section the materials used, and experimental work were illustrated as following:
Firstly, three new compounds (3a-c, Scheme I) were synthesized, and characterized.
Scheme I, General procedure for the synthesis of fatty alkyl 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl) acetates (3a-c).
The simple synthetic route includes alkylating imidazole-N1 with the as-prepared fatty alkyl chloroacetates. These compounds were, then, used in preparation of two new series of ILBSs.
In part one, three new mono chain ILBSs (ILBS10,12,16, Scheme II) were synthesized, and characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR for confirming their structures.
Scheme II, General procedure for the synthesis of ILBSs (ILBS10,12,16).
The synthesis route includes quaternization of the prepared compounds (3a-c) with methyl iodide by fusion. The polar head of these surfactants included the imidazolium cation and hydrophobic chains with different lengths. Investigations into the compounds’ surface characteristics and thermodynamic parameters were carried out. One of these compounds, ILBS16, has been used as corrosion inhibitors, for carbon steel, and its inhibition efficiency were determined by several techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and EM/EDX.
Part two involves the synthesis, and characterization of three novel GILBSs (GILBS10,12,16), which incorporate the imidazolium cation as the polar head with an ethylene spacer. The simple synthetic route includes quaternization of two equivalents of each compound of (3a-c) with ethylene dibromide, (Scheme III).
Scheme III, General procedure for the synthesis of GILBSs (GILBS10,12,16).
Investigations into the compounds’ surface characteristics and thermodynamic parameters were carried out. The prepared GILBSs were then used as inducers at various concentrations for the preparation of cuprous oxide nanoparticles. The size and shape of the produced NPs were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis in each case to study the effect of concentration on the NPs’ morphology and to determine the best concentration for the NPs fabrication.
C) Results and discussion section
This section showed the results of our work and a discussion about these results was submitted, that illustrated the following:
FT-IR and 1HNMR analysis confirmed all produced compounds’ structures. PDP, EIS, and EM/EDX analysis showed that the usage of ILBS16 as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 2M HCl is a highly efficient method, with efficiency percentage exceeds 96%, at even very low concentrations. Values obtained from all these techniques were almost identical. By testing the effect of concentration on the usage of GILBS12 as inducer in Cu2O NPs’ preparation process, XRD and TEM results showed that 200 ppm is the best concentration to be used for this application. GILBS10, GILBS12 and GILBS16 were used at that concentration and produced Cu2O NP with average sizes 61.5 nm, 23 nm, and 18 nm, respectively. All XRD charts’ peaks related to cuprous oxide and absence of distinctive Cu–O or Cu metal peaks, that can be evidence on phase-pure of prepared NPs.