الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) is an organic compound essential for the formation of uracil (RNA component) (Gadd et al., 2014). Oxalic acid after ingestion can combine with minerals and form insoluble compounds, such as calcium oxalate. These happen in the colon, and may happen in the kidneys (Won et al., 2012). Some foods, especially vegetables, have high content of oxalic acid and may cause an excess in urinary oxalate excretion (Palmieri et al., 2019). Hyperoxaluria and urolithiasis occurs in humans due to excessive accumulation (Patil et al., 2022). Oxalic acid can also produce similar secretions within the joints causing joint pain (Assimos and Holme, 2000). Humans have deficiency at the enzymes needed to metabolize the highly oxidized toxic substance oxalate (Gomathi et al., 2014). Therefore, preventive treatment is needed to prevent stone formation. Current researches explore the development of intestinal oxalate degrading bacteria as a suitable probiotic solution to avoid kidney stone disease (Abratt, 2010; Karamad et al., 2022). Many researches mentioned the role of intestinal oxalate degrading microorganisms in keeping oxalate homeostasis, while the excretion of urinary oxalate is decline.Bacteria can degrade oxalate through both anaerobic and aerobic pathways. During aerobic growth, oxalate is metabolized to CO2 and formate. Anaerobic bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract cannot oxidize formate which leads to its accumulation as the major end product of oxalate catabolism (Turroni et al., 2007). Bacteria associated with “broad-profile oxalotrophs” (generalists) are not completely depended on oxalate as an energy source but can ferment many other substrates (Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, etc.). Whereas, bacterial members of “narrow-profile oxalotrophs” (specialists) utilize oxalate as the sole or main carbon and energy source (Oxalobacter formigenes).