الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Cardiac catheterization (CC) is a cornerstone procedure for the diagnosis and
treatment of coronary artery disease. It offers numerous benefits, including rapid recovery,
fewer post-operative complications, and improved quality of life. However, like any other
invasive procedure, it carries potential risks. Local complications include hematoma,
infection, and arterial trauma. Systemic complications such as arrhythmia, allergic reactions,
and air embolism are also possible. These complications can negatively impact clinical
outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Nursing care plays a critical role in mitigating these risks. By providing thorough pre-
procedure education about the procedure and potential complications, nurses empower
patients to actively participate in their care. Additionally, vigilant monitoring and prompt
intervention are keys to detect and manage complications as early as possible and minimizing
their impact. Ultimately, effective nursing care can significantly improve both clinical
outcomes and patient satisfaction for those patients undergoing CC. Therefore, the present
study aimed to assess clinical outcomes and satisfaction level among patients undergoing
diagnostic cardiac catheterization.
Research questions
1. What are the clinical outcomes among patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac
catheterization?
2. What is the satisfaction level among patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac
catheterization?
Research design
A descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized to collect data in this study.
Setting
This study was conducted at the CC unit in the cardiology department of Damanhour
Medical National Institute, El-Beheira governorate, Egypt.
Subjects:
A convenience sample of 110 adult male and female patients undergoing diagnostic
cardiac catheterization was included in the study.
Tools of the study
To fulfill the aim of the study, three tools were used for data collection.
Tool I: ” Patients’ vascular access site assessment sheet”: It included three parts that
assessed patients’ personal and clinical data, vital signs as well as vascular access site.
Tool II: ”Patients’ clinical outcomes post diagnostic cardiac catheterization assessment
sheet” It included two parts that assessed the patient’s pain (access site pain and back pain)
and post-diagnostic cardiac catheterization complications including minor local, major local,
and systemic complications.
Summary
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Tool III: ”Patient satisfaction structured interview questionnaire”: This tool included
items that revised patient satisfaction with nursing care regarding CC.
Methods
The researcher developed two study tools and adopted one tool based on a review of
recent literature. To ensure content validity, completeness, and clarity, the tools were revised
by a jury of 5 experts in medical-surgical nursing and cardiology. The experts assessed item
relevance, clarity, and comprehensiveness, and their feedback was used to modify the tools. A
pilot study involving 11 patients, representing 10% of the sample excluded from the studied
sample, they were conducted to test the applicability, clarity, and feasibility of the tools. The
tools demonstrated good reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.79.
Data collection:
After securing administrative approval, data collection was completed in two months
(May- June 2023). A convenient sample of 110 adult patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac
catheterization, who met the inclusion criteria, were recruited from the CC unit of Damanhour
Medical National Institute. A structured interview schedule was conducted with each patient
twice, before and after the CC procedure, during morning and evening shifts on Sundays,
Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays weekly. The first interview occurred before the
procedure in the morning at the CC department. The second interview was conducted 6 hours
post-procedure for patients accessed via the femoral artery and 3 hours post-procedure for
patients accessed via the radial artery (just before discharge, according to hospital policy).
Statistical analysis of the data
After completion of data collection, statistical tests were carried out using SPSS,
version 25 for both data presentation and statistical analysis of the result. The number and
percentage were used for describing and summarizing qualitative data. Mean and standard
deviation were used to present the quantitative data.
The main results of the study
• Approximately two-thirds of the studied patients fell into the age group of 50 to 60
years, and more than half of the patients were males.
• More than two-thirds of the studied patients had a duration of pressure hold to achieve
hemostasis ranging from 10 to less than 20 minutes.
• More than two-thirds of the studied patients had normal and acceptable vascular
access site assessment pre-CC, while more than half had impaired and severely
impaired vascular access site assessment post-CC.
• Majority of the patients in the study reported having pain in both the back and
insertion site and experienced relatively mild post-CC complications.
• Most of the patients expressed a satisfactory level of satisfaction with their overall
experience in the CC unit.
• There were statistically significant positive relationships between total complications
and gender, level of education, place of residence, and the duration of pressure held to
achieve hemostasis.
Summary
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Conclusion
Based on the results of the present study and research questions, the study concluded
that more than two-thirds of the studied patients had normal and acceptable vascular access
sites pre-CC, while more than half of them had impaired and severely impaired vascular
access sites post-CC. The majority of the patients in the study reported having mild to
moderate pain in both insertion sites and the back, experienced relatively mild post-CC
complications, and expressed satisfaction with the level of nursing care experienced in the CC
unit. Additionally, there were statistically significant positive relationships between total
complications and gender, level of education, place of residence, and the duration of pressure
held to achieve hemostasis.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are suggested:
1) Recommendations for patients:
• Health teaching for patients on how to observe and care for access sites before and
after DCC.
• Provide a colored illustrated booklet for each patient with DCC about the procedure
and relevant outcomes.
• Ensure patients are adequately informed about CC, risk factors, complications, and
what to do if occur before discharge from the hospital.
2) Recommendations for nurses:
• Regular updated in-service training programs regarding nursing care of complications
and risk factors for patients undergoing DCC.
• Develop instruction checklist for vascular access site assessment pre and post-DCC as
part of routine nursing care for patients undergoing DCC.
• Encourage and support nurses in attending national and international conferences,
workshops, and training courses related to nursing care for patients undergoing CC.
3) Recommendations for further research:
• Investigate the effect of implementing a protocol of nursing care on patients’ clinical
outcomes for those undergoing DCC.
4) Recommendations for education:
• Include the assessment of vascular access site and post-CC complications and care in
academic nurses’ curricula and training workshops in all Egyptian nursing schools.
5) Recommendations for organizations:
• Conduct regular staff meetings to discuss weak and strong points regarding the
application of CC nursing care and the prevention of complications.
• Conduct continuous supervision and evaluation systems regarding the application of
nursing care for patients undergoing CC procedures.