الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
COVID-19 is a very highly contagious disease that is brought on by SARS-COV-2 virus discovered in 2019. WHO announced that it is a pandemic disease with well-established human to human transmission. The global burden of COVID-19 has high medical, psychological and socio-economic consequences worldwide. There are various clinical presentations of COVID-19 and high number of organs affected. It varies from asymptomatic infection up to respiratory failure, ARDS and mechanical ventilation. The primary system impacted by COVID-19 is the respiratory system with symptoms as fever, generalized fatigue, dry cough, dyspnea and chest pain. Progressive opacities with ground glass appearance on CT chest raising the possibility of the disease with confirmation with PCR positive result. Other body systems can be affected as the cardiovascular system, gastro intestinal system, renal system, etc.
Renal dysfunction in COVID-19 infection is common and may be responsible to predict infection outcome and disease mortality. Renal affection can be acute or chronic. It varies from asymptomatic proteinuria up to renal failure or graft rejection in renal transplant. Affection of renal parenchyma by SARS-COV2 virus has many mechanisms. Direct invasion of viral protein spikes into renal tissue cell via ACE2 protein is one of the most accepted mechanisms. Also, cytokine storm by circulating inflammatory cytokines, ischemia to renal vessels, thrombotic microangiopathic effect and drug induced nephrotoxicity are other accepted ones. AKI is the most presenting renal pathology in COVID-19, and then tubular injury, immune mediated collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, thrombotic microangiopathy and subclinical chronic renal dysfunction.