الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TA) are essential plant metabolites, mainly concentrated in the Solanaceae and Erythroxylaceae families. This group of alkaloids, distinguished by their characteristic bicyclic tropane structure, falls into three main categories: the first containing hyoscyamine and scopolamine (SCO), the second comprising cocaine, and the third encompassing calystegines. Despite sharing a basic structure, TAs exhibit significant variations in biological, chemical, and pharmacological properties. SCO, also known as hyoscine, holds a prominent position in the pharmacological market, widely used for treating vomiting, nausea, sickness caused by motion, and smooth muscle spasms (Kohnen –Johannsen & kayser , 2019).SCO, a natural alkaloid extracted from Datura plants within the Solanaceae family, is inherently toxic. All Datura species contain tropane alkaloids like SCO, primarily in their seeds, flowers, and certain root species, such as D. wrightii, posing risks of respiratory depression, arrhythmias, and even death upon ingestion (Cinelli & Jones ,2021). Functioning as a well-known cholinergic and non-selective muscarinic receptor,SCO impacts gene expression in rat brains, influencing various processes such as signal transmission, programmed cell death, cytoskeletal reorganization, protein transport, and cellular specialization. Commonly applied to incite cognitive impairment in experimental models, scopolamine serves as a muscarinic receptor inhibitor (Sayyahi et al., 2018)