الفهرس 
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Abstract
In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of acetone extracts obtained from chrysanthemum morifolium (C. morifolium) and Convolvulus arvensis (C. arvensis), Alpinia officinarum (Al. officinarum), Humulus lupulus (H. lupulus), which were collected from Minia and Marsa Matrouh Governorates, Egypt.
So, the aim of the current study was to;
• To assess the antioxidant capabilities, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of acetone extracts obtained from four plants: chrysanthemum morifolium (C. morifolium), Convolvulus arvensis (C. arvensis), Alpinia officinarum (Al. officinarum), and Humulus lupulus (H. lupulus), sourced from Minia and Marsa Matrouh Governorates, Egypt.
• To characterize the total bioactive compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
• To evaluate the cytotoxic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF-7), and lung cancer (A549) cell lines induced by acetone extracts derived from the aforementioned four plants.
The assessment encompassed the computation of the extracts’ total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC), revealing noteworthy concentrations of both phenolic and flavonoid components.
• Based on the data obtained, the total phenolic content was found to be 39.42±0.21 mg GAEs/g for C. morifolium extract and 38.47±0.18 mg GAEs/g for C. arvensis extract. Additionally, the total flavonoid content was measured at 24.57±1.02 mg QEs/g for C. morifolium extract and 26.97±1.28 mg QEs/g for C. arvensis extract.
• The total phenolic content was found to be 37.56±0.09 mg GAEs/g for Al. officinarum extract and 40.03±0.018 mg GAEs/g for H. lupulus extract. Furthermore, the total flavonoid content was measured at 27.08±0.41mg QEs/g for Al. officinarum extract and 29.61±0.46 mg QEs/g for H. lupulus extract.
According to DPPH and FRAP tests, all extracts had high antioxidant activity. Their low IC50 values suggested that they were capable of scavenging free radicals.
• The capacity of C. morifolium and C. arvensis extracts to scavenge DPPH free radicals is measured as IC50 value which denotes the concentration at which 50% of the radicals are neutralized was estimated to be 36.45 g/ml and 36.68 g/ml, respectively. C. morifolium and C. arvensis extracts displayed significant FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) activity, with measured values of 45.88±2.15 mg TEs/g for C. morifolium extracts and 28.86±2.12 mg TEs/g for C. arvensis extracts.
• The ability of Al. officinarum and H. lupulus extracts to scavenge DPPH free radicals is described as the IC50 value which, determined to be 36.52μg/ml and 36.58μg/ml, respectively. Both Al. officinarum and H. lupulus extracts showed considerable FRAP activity, with determined values of 115.69±4.31 mg TEs/g for Al. officinarum extract and 667.79±18.70 mg TEs/g for H. lupulus extract.
Several bioactive substances were detected in each extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
• The GC-MS analysis of the acetone extract derived from C. morifolium unveiled the presence of 15 bioactive compounds. Notably, the acetone extract exhibited notable concentrations of several major bioactive compounds, including Lupeol (20.64%), α-Amyrin (12.32%), Palmitic acid, TMS derivative (10.31%), Olean-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3á)- (8.18%), Myristic acid TMS derivative (6.44%), and Heptacosane, (4.40%).
• Notable constituents detected in the acetone extract of C. arvensis encompass n-Hexadecanoic acid (14.15%), ç-Sitosterol (11.82%), 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-, [R- [R*, R*-(E)]]- (10.61%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- ( 10.36% ), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2,3-bis[ (trimethylsilyl) oxy] propyl ester (4.64%).
• The GC-MS analysis of the acetone extract derived from Al. officinarum includes Hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester (18.70%), Oleic Acid, (Z)-, TMS derivative (10.30%), Oleic Acid (8.48%), and Bicyclo[2.2.2].Oct-5-Ene, 2-Methyl, 2-Methylic Acid, Dimethyl Ester, (1à, 2á, 3à, 4à)-(6.01%).
• The acetone extract obtained from H. lupulus revealed the existence of 19 bioactive chemicals using GC-MS analysis. Prominent bioactive components, such as ҫ-Sitosterol (23.31%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (19.13%), α-Amyrin (12.04%), 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)- (6.76%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (5.16%), and Betulinaldehyde (4.51%), were found in noteworthy proportions in the acetone extract.
Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessments were performed on breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, lung cancer (A549), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2).
• C. arvensis extract demonstrated strong cytotoxicity versus all three cell-lines, alongside IC50 values varying from 7.10 µg/mL to 12.63 µg/mL.
• C. morifolium extract also displayed cytotoxic effects, with IC50 values of 51.57 µg/mL, > 100 µg/mL, and 107.10 µg/mL for the respective cell lines.
• At the same time, cytotoxicity assessments were performed on breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, lung cancer (A549), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2).
• The Al. officinarum extract shown strong cytotoxicity against each of the three cell lines, with IC50 values for each cell line ranging from 107.10 μg/mL to 51.57 μg/mL and greater than 100 μg/mL.
• H. lupulus extract exhibited cytotoxic properties as well, with IC50 values greater than 100 μg/mL.
In conclusion, the study demonstrated the antioxidant potential of C. morifolium, C. arvensis, Al. officinarum, and H. lupulus extracts by showing that they all contain sizable concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid components. These extracts displayed considerable antioxidant activity in DPPH and FRAP experiments, with IC50 values showing their efficacy in scavenging free radicals. Multiple bioactive chemicals were found in all extracts by GC-MS analysis, with C. morifolium, C. arvensis, Al. officinarum, and H. lupulus exhibiting potential therapeutic use. Furthermore, the extracts’ effectiveness against several cancer cell lines was shown by cytotoxicity experiments. These results emphasize the importance of these plant extracts as stores of bioactive substances with cytotoxic and antioxidant properties. This illustrates the possibility of developing innovative medications in the future.