الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating consequence of congenital heart disease (CHD), causing significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and timely treatment can improve the survival of these pediatric patients. Pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD) in children is commonly associated with left to-right shunt or left heart obstructive defects causing postcapillary hypertension. The most frequent defects include ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect (ASD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization have been the gold standard in diagnosis of this condition, but they have several drawbacks. Therefore, multiple serum biomarkers have been explored for easy, rapid, and non-invasive diagnosis.