الفهرس 
Introduction& Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The mandible is the largest and strongest bone in the face, consisting of a body and two broad rami, the rami bear the coronoid and condyloid processes, the ramus one on each side unite with the ends of the body at right angles, and the alveolar process, which is the tooth bearing area of the mandible located above the mandible’s base.
The work’s goal was to investigate the morphological and morphometric aspects of the human jaw and describe the differences between male and female mandibles.
50 dry human mandibles were randomly selected from the anatomy departments of the Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Assuit Faculty of Medicine, and Qena Faculty of Medicine.
50 mandibles (30 male, 20 female) were researched for the following reasons:
A-Sex determination using the following criteria.
1. Gonial eversion: noticeable -slight
2.Square-rounded chin
3.Muscular impression: more pronounced versus less pronounced
4.Male mandible is more robust, wider, and broader than female mandible, which is slenderer and smaller.
B-morphological characteristics include:
1.There are three varieties of coronoid shapes: type I triangular tip pointing directly upwards, type II rounded tip rounded, and type III hook tip pointing backwards.
2.Lingula shapes were divided into three types: type I triangular, type II Truncated, and type III Assimilate.
3.The morphology of the mandibular notch was divided into three types: type I triangular, type II rounded, and type III truncated.
C-Morphometric characteristics include:
1.Using a digital vernier calliper, measure the distance of the mental foramen (in mm) from several landmarks such as the symphysis menti, alveolar crest, posterior border of the ramus of mandible, and lower border of jaw.
2.The angle of the mandible is measured using a protractor by drawing two lines. One horizontal line at the base of the jaw and another at the posterior border of the mandibular ramus.
The following findings were made:
• In terms of gender differences. Male mandible showed larger, Gonial eversion appeared marked, and Chin appeared square. Female mandible appeared smaller, Gonial eversion appeared minimal, and Chin appeared rounded.
• The current study found that the mental foramen and angle alter with ageing.
• In terms of mental foramen shape, the shape of the mental foramen is round in 70% of cases and oval in 30%.
• The position of the mental foramen was classified in reference to lower jaw teeth.
• In terms of the position of the mental foramen in relation to numerous landmarks, The current study found no significant difference between RT and LT.
• Only two of the fifty mandibles studied in this study had an accessory mental foramen (AMF), which was unilateral on the right side.
• In the current study, the mean angle of the mandible in males was 124.5 4.012 and 130.5 3.94 in females, with a highly significant difference.
• In terms of the coronoid process, the triangle shaped coronoid process was found in (60%) of the mandibles, the hook shaped in (26%), and the round shaped in (14%).
• In terms of the lingula, the triangular (44%) shape was most usually encountered, followed by assimilated (34%), and Truncated (22%).
• In terms of the mandibular notch, the triangular form had the highest incidence percentage (50%), followed by the truncated quadrilateral shape (18%), and the rounded shape (32%).
• (44%) shape of lingula was most commonly found followed by assimilated (34%), and Truncated (22%) of the total of 50 mandibles.
•As regard the mandibular notch the triangular shape mandibular notch showed high incidence percentage (50%), truncated quadrilateral shape (18%), while the rounded shape was founded in (32%) of the total of 50 mandibles.
Conclusion
•There was a distinction between male and female. Female mandible was smaller, gonial eversion was minimal, chin was rounded, male mandible was larger, gonial eversion was evident, chin was square.
• The mental foramen and the angle changed with ageing.
• The mental foramen is most usually seen on the longitudinal axis of the second premolar (position I), then positions II.
• The most prevalent MF shape was circular.
• There was no difference between the RT and LT sides in terms of distance from the symphysis menti, lower border of the mandible’s body, alveolar crest, and posterior border of the mandible’s ramus.
• The mean angle of the mandible differed between males and females.
• The coronoid process was most commonly triangular in form.
• The lingula’s most common shape was triangular.
• The triangular mandibular notch was the most prevalent shape.
Recommendation
This study used a limited sample (50 dry mandibles), however a larger sample from different regions of Egypt is needed.