الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study bears the title “The Titles of the Seal Bearer in Ancient Egypt until the
End of the Middle Kingdom: A Touristic Archaeological Study.
There is no doubt that especially during Ancient Egypt the titles of officials are a
major source of information about their careers and their duties in the state administration
and service to the king and his family. During the last few decades, there has been general
agreement in the understanding of many of the most frequently occurring titles.
Hieroglyphic symbols for seals appeared early and occurred in many words
referring to sealing practices. Seals in ancient Egypt were referred to by a number of
different terms, most prominently: xtm or sDA(wt) showing the two ends of the necklace
thrust through the perforation of the seal. Seals played an important role in ancient Egypt.
They were not only used as administrative securing devices for the state bureaucracy,
private individuals, documents, containers, places, but also as amulets during daily life and
in the netherworld.
The seal bearer is an important rank from ancient Egypt and had great significance.
The person performing that job was of the highest rank in the State. He was attached to
almost every department of the public service, as well as to all religious institutions of the
country; and even wealthy noblemen, usually had one or more of these xtm(w) or sDA(wty)
“seal bearer” in their household. This function has undergone changes across the ages and
covenants. In some of the covenants, it was merely a title for its holder and had no
administrative function in this regard. In some other families, the holder of this title was a
senior official in the state and had direct contact with the ruler