الفهرس 
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Abstract
The city has been built for people, while it claims its value through their presence and functions. It is proposed that the value of urban open spaces is determined by the presence of their users. People reside in the city, either within internal spaces such as buildings and halls or in the external environment of urban open spaces. It is believed that cities provide well-designed external spaces that allow people to spend their time there for multiple purposes. It is further proposed that people’s presence in urban spaces differs based on the purpose of their occupation. This study focuses on urban lingering as one form of people’s presence in urban open spaces. However, recent observations have revealed that urban open spaces are influenced by various aspects, including environmental, social, cultural, and political factors. These aspects directly and indirectly affect people’s urban lingering in their surroundings. The study specifically examines urban spaces within university campuses, where it is observed that students’ lingering behavior is impacted by these factors in ways that differ from the intended design. Students often engage in activities that have the potential to promote an active lifestyle and yield important benefits for both themselves and the urban environment. The characteristics of urban spaces that are most effective in achieving these goals remain unclear. The study aims to investigate the impact of environmental elements, both natural and man-made, on the lingering factor of urban open space users. Subsequently, it intends to develop a POA’ Toolkit that can assess the urban open spaces of university campuses. The study proposes the development of a clear methodology to assess the vitality of urban spaces from an environmental perspective, ultimately leading to the formulation of urban design guidelines for promoting well-enviro-lingering factors. The study consists of a comparative field case study conducted at both the Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University in Egypt and Clayton Campus, Monash University in Australia. The case study adopts a mobile application strategy to track students’ behavior within the open spaces of the campus. The results provide visualizations of the urban enviro-lingering factor and analyze the role of UELF (Urban Enviro-Lingering Factor) within these spaces and the behavior of their users.