الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The spark-initiated Optogenetics was led by famous Biologist Francis Crick back in the 1970s when he suggested that precise control over one neuronal type while leaving others unaltered is the key to achieving selective targeting of neurons (Crick, 1979). This goal would serve to understand different neuronal circuits and selectively control neuronal activity. Electrical stimulation, which was widely used back then in various applications in the field of Neuroscience, provides temporal, but not spatial, control over the neuronal population located around the electrode’s tip. In another publication aiming to bridge the gap between neuroscientists and molecular biologists in developing new useful tools in research, he suggested that light is the ideal signal to achieve neuronal excitation and inhibition rapidly in alert animals. (Crick, 1999).