الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
The present in-vitro study was designed to evaluate the effect of orally
administered lactoferrin as supportive treatment for COVID-19 on the
enamel surface of primary and permanent teeth using:
1-Surface Micro Hardness test (Vickers test)
2-Energy Dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for assessing mineral content
3-Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) to observe enamel
ultra-morphology.
The present in-vitro study was conducted on 40 unidentified extracted teeth
(primary and permanent), their crowns were bisected mesiodistally to obtain
80 samples. The samples were randomly divided into 2 groups according to
the type of dentition.
* group I: 20 primary teeth (40 samples) of second primary molars.
* group II: 20 permanent teeth (40 samples) of first premolars.
The samples in each group were further subdivided into two subgroups
according to the type of dispersion medium
* Subgroup A: Samples were placed into artificial saliva for 30 days with
changing the artificial saliva every day (Control Group)
* Subgroup B: Samples were placed into Pravotin sachets suspended into water
for 2 min once a day, then they were placed into artificial saliva for the rest of
the 24 hours and repeated 30 days.
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SUMMARY
Assessment methods used in this study
1- Vickers hardness tester.
2- Surface enamel change using scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
3- Elemental analysis using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
4- PH analysis using pH meter.
Results showed that there was a highly significant decrease in microhardness of
pravotin subgroup in group I (second primary molars) and showed a statistically
significant decrease in microhardness of pravotin subgroup in group II
(premolars)
Results also showed that there was a decrease in Calcium weight percentage in
pravotin subgroups in both groups (second primary molars and premolars) with
no statistical significance and decrease in Phosphorus weight percentage in
pravotin subgroups in both groups (second primary molars and premolars) but
with statistical significance. There was also decrease in Ca/P ratio with no
statistical significance.
Results of SEM showed that the enaml surface of pravotin subgroups in both
groups was demineralized and porous, and the enamel surface of primary teeth
was more affected by pravotin than permanent teeth.
Results of pH analysis in our study showed that the initial pH of the studied
medication (pravotin sachets) ranged between 6.7 and 6.8. And it was decreased
gradually until it reached to pH 2 on the fourth day