الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Dermal fillers are now used for more than just volume restoration and static rhytides; they can also be used to purposefully alter the balance and contractility of the facial musculature. Myomodulation is the process of either enhancing or impeding the action of mimetic muscles with injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers in order to improve the appearance of the face.
Neurotoxins are used in chemical myomodulation to decrease contraction of muscles, while HA fillers can modify muscle action through mechanical myomodulation. De Maio (82) clarified the theoretical foundations of myomodulation by stating that filler functions as a fulcrum to enhance muscle contractility when injected beneath the muscle. However, by placing filler in the subcutaneous layer superficial to the muscle, muscle action could be inhibited.