الفهرس 
Stage of estrous cycleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Neonicotinoids are the most used insecticides worldwide, either as an in-furrow treatment or as a systemic safeguard for seedling crops against chewing and piercing-sucking insects on various crops, including a spectrum of fruits and vegetables. Dinotefuran is a third-generation neonicotinoid.
dinotefuran acts on target organisms through gastric poisoning and contact .
Given the strong endogenous penetration ability, efficient and long function time, wide insecticidal spectrum, and relatively low toxicity of dinotefuran on mammals, it is commonly used in agricultural production to control the number of various pests such as beetles, lacewings, and aphids dinotefuran is toxic to earthworms, honeybees and zebrafish.
Aime of the work
1. Conduct an inquiry on the reproductive toxicity of DINO towards adult male and female rats.
2. Examine the teratogenic impacts of DINO exposure throughout pregnancy.
3. Study the impact of maternal DINO exposure on neonates.
4. Investigate the potential of rosemary extract to mitigate the toxicity caused by DINO.
The use of toxic pesticides to manage pest problems has become a common practice aroud the world. So, this research was conducted to investigate some pesticide side effects on reproductive system in male and female rat and teratogenicity fetus studies.
Pesticide of neonicotinoid as dinotifuran was chosen to realize the reproductive toxicity and tertogencity. The experimental rat (Rattus norvegicus) was chosen as presentive of higher animals or human to evalulate reproductive toxicity and tertogencity in studies.
So we use Rosemary as a restorative plant that has numerous utilizations in traditional medicine. In this investigation, rosemary leaf extracts were examined for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
1. Toxicolgical tests:
Lethal dose that kill 50 % of the population (LD50) of pesticide come to be 1/60 low dose (94mg/kg) and 1/30 high dose (281mg/kg) in male rat. 1/20 low dose (73.5mg/kg) and 1/20 high dose (220.51mg/kg) in female rat body weight for dinotifuran, respectively.
Two doses of 1/20 and 1/60 were calculated for males 94.281 mg/kg while females had 73.5 mg/kg body weight respectively.
Sublethal doses were selected in the trials based on this dose and from these trials
A. Pesticide toxicity experiment on the reproductive system of remembrance, in which animals were exposed to two doses of 94 mg / kg (1/60 of the half dose) and 281 mg / kg (1/20 of the half dose)
B. Pesticide toxicity experiment on the female reproductive system, in which animals were exposed to two doses of 73.5 mg / kg (1/20 of the half dose) and 230 mg / kg (1/20 of the half dose)
C. Pesticide toxicity experiment on embryos (before birth) from the sixth day to the fifteenth day (organ formation period) chronic, in which animals were exposed to two doses of 147.88 mg / kg. In which the animals were subjected to two doses of 73.5 mg/kg (1/20 of the half dose) and 230 mg/kg (1/20 of the half dose).D. Experiment of toxicity of the pesticide on fetuses (after birth) from the first day to the twenty-first day (lactation period) chronic in which animals were exposed to two doses.
- It was clear from the study that the effect of these two doses in males compared to non-treated as follows: -
1- Change in weight:
• Lack of body weights of treated mice compared to control
• Decrease in the average weight of the treated genitals (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate and vas differance) compared to control.
2- Blood tests
• Decrease in the rate of treated male hormones such as estrogen, testosterone, thyronine and thyroxine compared to control.
• An increase in the rate of male hormones such as FSH, LH and prolactin compared to control.
3- Biochemical Analysis
• An increase in the rate of MDA enzyme compared to control.
• Decrease in the rate of ACP and ALP, TP, GSH, SOD, CAT, GX, COMPARED TO CONTROL
3- Sperm study
• An increase in the rate of sperm malformations and death in laboratories compared to control.
• Decrease in the rate of counting, movement and maturity of sperm in laboratories compared to control.
• Cell death in the tissue of the genitals
Histological and histochemical immunohistochemical studies:Testes:
- Wide radius of the sperm and low number of sperm and disturbed sperm
Epididymis:
- Epithelium-lined twisted tubes with vacuum cytoplasm, and there are congested blood vessels between the tubes
Seminal vesicles:
Loss of epithelium and crowded blood vessels between the tubules
Prostate:
The epithelium is hollow and some areas are enlarged
Vas differances:
The mucous membrane appears with a vicious epithelium and other areas of the mucosa are lost and the diameter of the muscles decreases
In the immunohistochemical study
Testes:
For extreme expression of caspace3 immunoglobulins
Rosmary extract have ameliorative effect on toxicity induced by dinoteuferan.
It became clear from the study that the effect of these two doses in females compared to non-treated as follows: -
1- Change in weight:
• Lack of body weights of treated mice compared to control
• Decrease in the average weight of the treated genitals (ovaries and uterus) compared to control.