الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Egypt is an arid nation, already experiencing considerable climatic variability, and currently grappling with significant problems and difficulties in managing its water supply system. These issues are evidenced by the scarcity of Nile water, the depletion and salinization of groundwater, a rapid increase in sectoral water demands, inadequate utilization of treated wastewater, and various other pressing challenges that burden the water sector, thereby escalating costs over time. Additionally, the agricultural sector heavily relies on limited Nile water and groundwater extraction. The present water situation in Egypt is deeply concerning, carrying severe implications for future water resource development and the agricultural sector itself. At present, the foremost challenge in the country’s water management and planning is to sustainably close the gap between water supply and demand, minimizing economic and environmental costs while safeguarding socio-economic development. Furthermore, Egyptian’s water supply is already under stress, and global warming is predicted to exacerbate the problem. The major goal of this study is to do a thorough analysis of Egypt’s water industry and propose appropriate policy interventions to enhance sustainable water management in the country.
This study employed an analytical approach by using the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) software to simulate and forecast the water budget until 2037. Subsequently, the water management system in Egypt was evaluated based on available management options: leakage reduction of municipal water distribution system, individual water use reduction, improving wastewater collection and reuse rates, and enhancing irrigation efficiency in the agricultural sector.
The model’s results demonstrate that implementing all the management options for the municipal sector together can significantly reduce annual water demands. An integrated scenario was formulated, incorporating municipal water efficiency (encompassing per-capita reduction and addressing physical leakage), increased wastewater collection rates, and enhanced irrigation efficiency in agriculture. By adopting this integrated scenario, the total water demand in Egypt’s water budget is projected to decrease from 84.10 BCM (Business as Usual, BAU scenario) and 81.02 BCM (Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation MWRI scenario) to 72.89 BCM (combined integrated scenario) by 2037. Consequently, this would result in a total water saving of 115.27 BCM compared to the BAU scenario and 92.97 BCM compared to the MWRI scenario during the period from 2023 to 2037.
The research concluded that it is important to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of utilizing tertiary TSE (Treated Sewage Effluent) for Egypt’s agriculture industry, while also promoting the adoption of modern technologies among farmers to enhance water use efficiency. This study encompasses various variables and parameters of the water management system, which exhibit significant variability both now and in the future. Therefore, a sole reliance on deterministic modelling would fall short of providing an accurate picture of their potential effects. Thereby, subsequent modelling experiments should probably use a stochastic modelling technique.