الفهرس 
Chapter One IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The term ”biomass” refers to any organic material that originates from either plants or animals found on our planet. In this work, the raw materials for the production were delivered from agricultural residues. In this study, Sugarcane bagasse pulp (SBP) and rice husk (RH), predominant types of agricultural wastes commonly used in industrial operations and laboratory studies, were the raw materials for production of Nanocellulose (NC), Lignin nanoparticles (LNP), Nano Alumino-silicate (NAS), Nano Silica (NS), and Microcellulose (MC). In addition, a biosensor was fabricated from NC suspension derived as a product of acid hydrolysis of pulp.
Rice husk was analyzed to identify its cellulose, lignin, and silica content. Lignin nanoparticles are a useful resource that can be utilized in a variety of applications. These products were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer (PSA). LNP was separated from the NS by a rapid precipitation process, which involved converting the silica into NAS. In addition, NS was reproduced by reacting NAS with hydrochloric acid, which resulted in the production of NS as well as a solution of Aluminum chloride. The obtained materials were analyzed using characterization techniques. By performing the analysis on the samples, the particle size was obtained for the LNP, NAS, NS and MC with peaks at 102, 556, 445 ,1122 nm, respectively.
NC is cellulose provided in nano-sized particles from biomass. It is a promising potential biomaterial with considerable applications in the pharmaceutical and biological industries. Production of NC on a lab scale was carried out by two methods, namely acid hydrolysis and green synthesis. The obtained NC was analyzed using characterization techniques, namely using FTIR, and PSA. By performing an analysis on the samples obtained by acid hydrolysis, the particle sizes were obtained at peaks 280 and 625nm for Sulphuric acid and Hydrochloric acid, respectively. Similarly, by performing an analysis on the samples obtained by Green Synthesis, the particle size was obtained with a peak at 480 nm.
Developers can use programming tools to create, write, test, and debug other software applications. This study presents software for NC production design which was coded to scale up production on a pilot scale and determine reactant quantities based on an NC production rate with modeling for the reactor. It is necessary to enter the production rate as well as the experimental parameters, which are acid concentration and reaction temperature in hydrolysis. We evaluated the materials and techniques utilized in NC manufacture on a lab scale. Additionally, we constructed a reactor with the capacity of producing 100 gm of NC and achieved a yield of 86%.
Biosensor system was designed to detect the concentration of D-Glucose, which is a simple sugar found in blood sample, without the need for sulfuric acid. The use of unmodified and additive-free NC1 suspension is important for the homogenization of the sample and accurate analysis. The experiment showed that high concentrations of NC1 suspension hindered the reaction and resulted in a lack of homogeneity. However, systems with low and medium concentrations of suspension were successful in detecting D-Glucose levels. The relationship between D-Glucose level and absorbance was linear in systems with NC1 volume of 10 and 20 ml, but inverse in the system with an NC1 volume of 30 ml. The system performed effectively and sensitively to all concentrations tested.