الفهرس 
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Abstract
. Summary:
This study is carried out on 36 male white New Zealand rabbits breed were divided in to 2 experiments each one subdivided into 3 groups of 6 male rabbits as follows:
6.3 The first experiment )composite of nano zinc / nano silver(
A) Control group (-ve control)
male rabbits given water and diet only.
B) Composite of nano zinc / nano silver
It is a combination of 2 nanoparticles— zinc and silver— which combined and dissolved in glycerin at a concentration of 2.5%.They were applied twice weekly on the skin of back area with dose 5 ml as ointment for consecutive 6 weeks.
C) Glycerin
It was administered twice a week on rabbit skin (back area) with dose 5 ml as ointment for consecutive 6 weeks.
6.4 The second experiment composite of nano zin / nano copper:
A) Control group (-ve control):
male rabbits given water and diet only.
B) Composite of nano zinc / nano copper substance:
It is a mixture of 5 g of nanoparticles of zinc & copper which have been dissolved in 1000 ml of molasses (5 mg per ml of molasses). It is administrated orally (ingestion) to rabbits twice a week for consecutive 6 weeks at a dose of 40 mg of composite/Kg BW of rabbit (8ml /kg bw).
C) Molasses:
It is given at dose 8 ml of molasses without Nano composite/Kg BW of rabbit orally twice weekly for consecutive 6 weeks.
6.2 The sampling was carried out as follow
1- Blood sample was collected from each rabbit in every group at mid and end of experiment also after slaughtering.
2- Organs Tissue of rabbits for residues in liver, back muscle and brain
3- Breast and Thigh tissue sample for meat composition and fractionation of fatty acids.
6.3 The results and statistical analysis indicated that
6.3.1 Effect of nano composites on growth performance:
A) Body weight of rabbits
A.1. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that body weight of G2 was significantly increased than G1 in all weeks of experiment. Also body weight of G3 was significantly increased than G1 in 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th weeks.
A.2. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that was no significant difference between groups at 1st week, but at 2nd, 3rd week, 4th week, 5th week and 6th week G2 was more significant increase than G1. Also it revealed that G1 was significantly increased than G3 in 2nd week, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 in 3rd week, 4th week and 5th week
B) Weight gain of rabbits
B.1. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that weight gain of 1st week in G2 was significantly increased than G1, while at the 2nd week there was no significant difference between groups, at the 3rd week, 4th week and 6th week G2 was significantly increased than G1,finally G2 was more significant increase than G1 in total weight gain.
Also Weight gain of G3 was significantly increased than G1 in 1st week, 3th week, 4th week and 5th week, while G1 was significantly increased than G3 in 6th week of experiment
B.2. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that weight gain of G2 was significantly increased than G1 in 1st week, 2nd week, 4th week, 5th week and 6th week, And no significant difference between groups at 3rd week.
While G1 was significantly increased than G3 in 1st week & 5th week, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 in 2nd week, 4th week and 6th week.
C) Daily feed intake of rabbits:
C.1. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that there was no significant difference of daily feed intake between all groups at 1st, 2nd, 3rdand 4th weeks, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 at 6th weeks, but at 6th week G1 was significantly increased than G2.
C.2. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that daily feed intake of G1 was significantly increased than G2 at 1st week, 5th week and 6th week, but at 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks there was no significant difference between groups, while G1 was significantly increased than G3 at 1st week.
D) Feed conversion ratio of rabbits:
D.1. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that feed conversion ratio of G2 was significantly improved (decreased) than G1at 1st week, 3th week, 5th week and average FCR. But there was no significant difference between groups at 4th week of experiment. But feed conversion ratio of G3 was significantly decreased in 2nd week, 3rd week and average FCR.
D.2. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that there was no significant difference in FCR between groups at 1st week and 3rd week, but G1 was significantly decreased (improved) than G2 at 2nd week, 4th week, 5th week and 6th week
While G1 was significantly decreased (improved) than G3 at 2nd week of experiment.
6.3.2 Blood parameters (RBCs, Hb, MCH, MCHC, MCV and PCV) of the rabbits:
A) In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that both of G2 and G3 were more significant than G1 (control group) at mid of experiment
B) In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that there was no significant difference in HB between groups at mid of the experiment, while G2 was significantly increased than G1 at end of the experiment.
While in RBCs, G1 was significantly increased than G3 at mid of the experiment, while at end of the experiment there was no significant difference between them.
But in MCH, G3 was significantly increased than G1 at mid of the experiment, but no significant increase in end of the experiment.
6.3.3 Total WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils of the rabbits
A. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that WBCs that G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid & end of the experiment, while G3 was significantly increased than G1 at mid of experiment, but significantly decreased than G1 at the end of experiment.
While in Neutrophils that G2 was significant increased than G1 at mid and end sample of experiment, also G3 was significantly increased G1 in mid and end of the experiment.
Also in lymphocyte that G2 was more significant increase than G1 at mid of the experiment. While G3 was significantly increased than G1 in mid of experiment, but G1 was significantly increased than G3 at end of the experiment.
B. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that total WBCs of G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid and end of experiment, but G1 was significantly increased than G3 on total WBCs at end of experiment.
Also it revealed in Neutrophils that G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid and end of the experiment, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 at mid of the experiment.
But in Lymphocyte %, G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid and end of the experiment.
6.3.4 Total protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio of rabbits:
A. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that total protein in G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid of experiment but there was no significant difference between groups in total protein at the end of experiment.
It recorded that serum albumin of G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid of the experiment, while G3 was significantly increased than G1 at the mid and end of experiment. Also serum globulin of G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid and end of the experiment.
While A / G ratio there was no significant difference between all groups at mid of the experiment, but at end sample of the experiment G1 was significantly increased than G2.
B. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that Total Protein of G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid of experiment. Also G3 was significantly increased than G1at mid of experiment, but G1 was significantly increased than G3 at end of the experiment.
Also it revealed in Albumin that there was no significant difference between groups at mid of the experiment, but G1 was significant increase than G2 at end of the experiment, also G1 is significantly increased than G3 at end of the experiment.
While in Globulin G2 was significantly increased than G1 at mid and end of the experiment, but G3 was significantly increased than both G1 at mid of the experiment.
But in A/G ratio G1 was significantly increased than G2 at mid and end of the experiment, but G1 was significantly increased than G3 at mid of the experiment.
6.3.5 Growth hormone of rabbits:
A. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that G2 was significantly increased than G1.
B. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that growth hormone of G2 was significantly increased than G1, and also G3 was significantly increased than G1.
6.3.6 Immunity profile (Interferone gamma, IgG, IgM, phagocytic activity and phagocytic Index) of the rabbits:
A. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that G2 was significantly increased than G1 in interferone, IgM, IgG, phagocytic activity% and phagocytic index, also G3 was significantly increased than G1 in interferone, IgM, IgG, phagocytic activity% and phagocytic index.
B. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that G2 was significantly increased than G1 in interferon gamma, IgM, IgG, phagocytic activity % and phagocytic index. Also G3 was significantly increased than G1 in interferone Gamma, IgM and IgG, but G1 is significantly increased than G3 in phagocytic activity % and phagocytic index.
6.3.7 Antioxidants Profile (S.O.D & M.D.A) of the rabbits:
A. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that G2 was more significant than G1 at S.O.D enzyme, but G1 was significantly increased than G2 at MDA.
Also it found that G3 was significantly increased than G1 at S.O.D enzyme, but G1 was significantly increased than G3 at MDA.
B. In second experiment:
The presented data revealed that S.O.D of G2 was more significant increase than G1 at the end of experiment but MDA of G1 was significantly increased than G2, but.
Also G3 was significantly increased than G1 in S.O.D enzyme while G1 was significantly increased than G3 in MDA.
6.3.8 Residues in different organs (liver, back muscle and brain):
A. First Experiment:
The data showed revealed that zinc and silver residue in liver tissue of G2 was more significant increase than G1.
While in back muscle revealed that G1 was significantly increased than G2 in zinc residues, but there was no significant difference between them in silver residues.
While in brain G2 was significantly increased than G1 in zinc residue and in silver residue
B. Second Experiment:
The presented data revealed that G1 was significantly increased than G2 in zinc residues in liver tissues, but G2 is significantly increased than G1 on copper residues in liver tissues.
While in back muscle that there is no significant difference between G1 and G2 in zinc residues, but G2 is significantly increased than G1 in copper residues.
Also in the brain G2 is significantly increased than G1 on zinc residues,
but no significant difference among G1 and G2 on copper residues in brain of rabbits.
6.3.9 Composition of meat and fractionation of fatty acids of rabbit thigh meat:
A) In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that rabbit thigh meat of G1 was significantly increased than G2 in moisture% and fat%, but G2 was significantly increased than G1 in protein% and ash%, while G1 was significantly increased than G3 in moisture%.
Also it recorded that fatty acid of meat of G1 was significantly increased than G2 in total saturated fatty acids, but G2 was significantly increased than G1 in mono-unsaturated and total poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Also G1 was significantly increased than G3 in total saturated fatty acids, but G3 was significantly increased in mono-unsaturated and total poly-unsaturated fatty acids
B) In second experiment:
The obtained data revealed that breast meat of G1 was significant increase than G2 on moisture% & fat%, but G2 was more significant increase than G1 in protein% & ash %. Also G1 was significantly increased than G3 in fat%, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 in ash %.
It revealed also that G1 was significantly increased than G2 in total saturated fatty acids, while G2 was significantly increased than G1 in total mono-unsaturated and total poly unsaturated fatty acids.
6.3.10 Composition of meat and fractionation of fatty acids of rabbit breast meat:
A. In first experiment:
The presented data revealed that rabbit breast meat of G1 was significantly increased than G2 in moisture% and fat%, but G2 is significantly increased than G1 in protein% and ash%, while G1 was significantly increased than G3 in moisture %. Also it recorded that rabbit breast meat of G1 was significantly increased than G2 in total saturated fatty acids, but G2 was significantly increased than G1 in mono-unsaturated fatty acids and total poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Also G1 was significantly increased than G3 in total saturated fatty acids, but G3 was significantly increased in mono-unsaturated and total poly-unsaturated fatty acids.
B. In second experiment:
The obtained data revealed that breast meat of G1 was significantly increase than G2 on moisture% and fat%, but G2 was more significantly increase than G1 in protein% and ash %. Also G1 was significantly increased than G3 in fat%, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 in ash %.
It revealed also that G1 was significantly increased than G2 in total saturated fatty acids, while G2 was significantly increased than G1 in total mono-unsaturated fatty acids and total poly-unsaturated F. As. Also G1was significantly increased than G3 in total saturated fatty acids, but G3 was significantly increased than G1 in mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids.
6.3.11 Histological picture of organs (kidney, liver and spleen):
1.3.11.1 In 1st Experiment:
A. Kidney:
The obtained data revealed normal structure of the kidney of all groups of the rabbits without any pathological changes in histology.
B. Liver:
The obtained data revealed normal structure of the Liver of all groups of the rabbits without any pathological changes in histology.
C. Spleen:
The obtained data revealed normal structure of the kidney of all groups of the rabbits without any pathological changes in histology.
1.3.11.2 In second Experiment:
A. Kidney:
The presented data revealed normal histological structure of the kidney of all groups except G2 which showed a rare field of the renal cortex that showed atrophy of the glomeruli
B. Liver:
The presented data revealed normal histological structure of the liver of all groups except G2 which showed mild vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes close to the central vein.
C. Spleen:
The presented data revealed normal histological structure of the spleen of all groups.
7 Conclusion:
The administration of composites (composite of nano zinc / nano silver) and (composite of nano zinc / nano copper) to growing male rabbits as feed additives would improve growth performance (body weight, weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio, blood parameters (interferone gamma, IgG, IgM, phagocytic activity and phagocytic Index), immunity system, oxidative activity profiles (S.O.D enzyme and MDA) and meat quality (meat composition of thigh and breast and fractionation of fatty acids of thigh and breast meat) and economic profits. These favorable effects occurred with composite of nano zinc / nano silver 2.5% compound as ointment / twice weekly for consecutive 6 weeks and composite of nano zinc / nano copper compound which supplemented to rabbits orally 40mg/ kg of body weight twice weekly for consecutive 6 weeks.
It could be concluded that the administration of composites (nano zinc / nano silver) (nano zinc / nano copper) had a positive impacts on male New Zealand rabbit performance.