الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted to study the potential effects of stevia leaves and sucrose on diabetes: comparative study. Study the efficiency of different concentrations (2.5 and 5%) of stevia leaves and metformin as powder and anti-diabetic changes of male albino rats. Also, some physiological characteristics such as BWG, FI, FER and internal organs weight were determined. Some biochemical parameters (glucose levels, liver functions, kidney functions, TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c) and hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and platelet) in tested albino rats were also measured. Active compounds in stevia leaves such as phenolic compounds and phytochemicals of using HPLC will also determine.
The use of (36) male albino rats weight ranges between (150g ±10g) during the experiment period. Rats will feed on basal diet prepared according to (Ain ,1993) for seven consecutive days to make adjustment and rats are divided into 6 groups each group that consists of six rats as follow:
• group (1): Rats were feed on basal diet as a control negative.
• group (2): Rats were injected with Alloxan 150 mg and used as positive control group.
• group (3): A group infected diabetes and was feed on cake stevia leaves powder at does 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
• group (4): A group infected diabetes and was feed on cake stevia leaves powder at does 5% of the weight of the diet.
• group (5): A group infected diabetes and was feed on cake metformin powder at does 2.5% of the weight of the diet.
• group (6): A group infected diabetes and was feed on cake metformin powder at does 5% of the weight of the diet.
During the experimental period, the body weight and feed intake were estimated weekly and the general behavior of rats was observed.
The experiment will take 28 days, at the end of the experimental period each rat weight separately then, rats are slaughtered and collect blood samples.
The obtained result could be summarized in the following:
1- Chemical composition of stevia leaves:
the moisture, protein, fat, ash, fiber and carbohydrates value of stevia leaves as a dry weight were (9.72), (10.22), (6.16), (10.31), (4.98), (58.61), respectively.
2- Phenolic compound of stevia leaves fractionation by HPLC:
the highest phenolic compounds in stevia leaves recorded for quercetin, catechin and Gallic acid. The mean values were (1326.01), (139.55) and (96.15) mg/g on dry weight basis, respectively.
While the lowest phenolic compounds in stevia leaves recorded for cinnamic acid, Ferulic acid and methyl gallate. The mean values were (1.75), (5.15) and (14.05) mg/g on dry weight basis, respectively.
3- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of diabetic rats:
• The body weight gain indicated that there is a significant difference between negative control and positive control group.
• The highest body weight gains of treated groups (diabetic) recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• Feed intake, there is significant difference between negative control and positive control group.
• the highest feed intake of treated groups (diabetic) recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia leaves powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• feed efficiency ratio indicated that there is significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
• The highest feed efficiency ratio of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia leaves powder with significant difference.
4- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on organs weight of diabetic rats:
• There are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in liver weight.
• The highest liver weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats feed on 2.5% cake stevia powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• kidney weight, there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group.
• the highest kidney weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on cake metformin powder 2.5% while the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake stevia powder with significant difference.
• spleen weight, there were significant differences between negative control group and positive control group.
• The highest spleen weight of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
5- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on glucose levels of diabetic rats:
• there were significant differences between negative control group and positive control group. The mean values were (114.35) and (242.22) mg/dl, respectively.
• The lowest glucose level of treated groups (diabetic) recorded for diabetic group fed on 5% cake metformin powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake stevia powder with significant difference (P≤0.05), the mean values were (119.10) and (165.00) mg/dl, respectively.
6- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on liver functions of diabetic rats:
• ALT liver enzyme showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
• The lowest ALT enzyme of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• AST, there is a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
• The lowest AST enzyme of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• ALP liver enzyme showed a significant difference between negative control group and positive control group.
• The lowest ALP enzyme of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
7- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of diabetic rats:
• There are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in total cholesterol levels was observed. The mean values were (94.00) and (226.15) mg/dl, respectively.
• The lowest total cholesterol of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference (P≤0.05), the mean values were (127.25) and (207.40) mg/dl, respectively.
• triglycerides, there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group. The mean values were (83.33) and (178.75), respectively.
• The lowest triglyceride of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference (P≤0.05), the mean values were (105.74) and (159.75), respectively.
8- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on lipid profile of diabetic rats:
• high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c) showed significant differences between negative control group and positive control group. The mean values were 50.33 and 24.09mg/dl, respectively.
• The highest HDL-c of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder (42.65) and (31.80), respectively.
• low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels, data indicated that there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group. The mean values were (27.01) and (166.3) mg/dl, respectively.
• The lowest LDL-c of treated groups for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While, the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference (P≤0.05), the mean values were (63.85) and (139.71) mg/dl, respectively.
• there are significant differences between negative control group and positive control group in very high density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c). The mean values were (16.66) and (35.75) mg/dl, respectively.
• 6. powder. While, the highest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder with significant difference (P≤0.05), the mean values were (21.15) and (31.95) mg/dl, respectively.
9- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on kidney functions of diabetic rats:
• the serum uric acid of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant difference.
• the highest uric serum uric acid level of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder with significant difference.
• serum urea of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant difference.
• the highest serum urea level of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder with significant difference.
• serum creatinine of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant difference.
• While the highest serum creatinine level of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake metformin powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder with significant difference.
10- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on red blood cell and white blood cell of diabetic rats.
• the red blood cell (RBCs) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant difference.
• the highest RBCs level of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• the white blood cell (WBCs) of positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant difference.
• the highest WBCs level of treated group recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5 % cake metformin powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake stevia powder with significant difference.
11- Effect of stevia leaves and metformin on hemoglobin and platelet of diabetic rats:
• the hemoglobin (Hgb) of negative control group recorded higher value when compared with positive control group with significant difference.
• the highest hemoglobin level of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake stevia powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
• platelets of the positive control group recorded higher value when compared with negative control group with significant difference.
• the highest platelets level of treated groups recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 2.5% cake stevia powder. While the lowest value recorded for diabetic group rats fed on 5% cake metformin powder with significant difference.
Histopathological examination of pancreas:
• Microscopically, pancreas of rats from control, normal group revealed the normal histological structure of islets of Langerhans and exocrine pancreatic acini.
• On the contrary, pancreas of rats from group 2 showed vacuolization of cells of islets of Langerhans vacuolization of cells of islets of Langerhans and epithelial lining pancreatic acini.
• However, pancreas of rats from group 3 (2.5% cake stevia leaves) described congestion of pancreatic blood vessel and vacuolization of some cells of islets of Langerhans.
• On the other hand, some sections from group 4 (5% cake stevia leaves) exhibited no histopathological alterations, whereas, other sections showed vacuolization of some cells of islets of Langerhans
• Moreover, pancreas of rats from group 5 (2.5% cake metformin) revealed no histopathological alterations except vacuolization of some cells of islets of Langerhans.
• Meanwhile, sections from group 6 (5% cake metformin) manifested slight vacuolization of some cells of islets of Langerhans and slight congestion of pancreatic blood vessel.