الفهرس 
AIM OF STUDYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 133 |  |  |
| | | from | 133 | | |
Abstract
This study was conducted to Study the influence of psyllium husk and quinoa seeds for weight loss in obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley white rats weighing 135 gm were consists of 8 groups at random. 5 rats used as a negative control group received just a standard diet. They were fed high fat diet could led to obesity, one group of these rats have been defined as a positive control group, and other six groups of rats received treatment with 5, 10, and a combination of both quinoa seeds, psyllium husks. The experimental duration used to be 28 days. Research also measured glucose levels, serum lipid fractions such as whole cholesterol, triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Atherogenic Index (AI), some liver activities that is glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) & glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and renal functions like uric acid, urea, and creatinine.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on serum blood glucose of control and Obese Rats:
the effect of of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on blood glucose of control and Obese Rats.The obtained results indicated that the higher glucose level recorded for positive control group, compared to negative control group with significant differences (P≤0.05). The mean values were 189.25 and 100.5 mg/dl, respectively .On the other hand, rats fed on 10% mixter mg/kg of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders recorded the lowest glucose level with significant differences (P≤0.05) being, 111.25 mg/dl. While, the higher glucose level in Obese Rats recorded for Psyllium Seeds as powder (5)% with significant differences (P≤0.05). The value was 155 mg/dl .
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on kidney functions:
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixtures on serum creatinine of Obese Rats.It was clear to mention that , the highest creatinine recorded for positive control rats group value when compared with negative control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 1. 46 and 1.01 mg/dl. respectively, While, the highest creatinine level of treated group recorded for group fed on Psyllium Seeds as powder by (10)% but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10%with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values was 1.26 and 0.94 (mg/dl).
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixtures on serum uric acid of Obese Rats. The mean value of uric acid of positive control rats group which was higher than negative control group with significant differences (P≤0.05). The mean values were 9.97 and 6.2 (mg/dl) respectively. On other hand , the highest uric acid of treated groups (Obese groups) was recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% group, while the lowest urea recorded for 5% mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds with significant differences ( P≤0.05). The mean values were 8.2 and 6.7 (mg/dl) respectively. The best treatment was recorded for group 8 (with mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10%) as compared to positive control group.
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on serum urea of control and Obese Rats. It was clear to mention that the higher urea recorded for positive control rats group, compared to negative control group with significant differences (P≤0.05). The mean values were 35.46 and 20.7 (mg/dl). On the other hand, the highest urea of treated groups (obese groups) was recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)%, while the lowest urea recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (5)%with significant differences (P≤0.05). The mean values were 31.15 and 20.35 (mg/dl) respectively.
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixture on liver functions level of Obese Rats
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixture on(GPT)
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixture on liver functions (GPT) of Obese Rats. It is clear that , GOT liver enzyme of positive control rats group recorded the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 74.25 and 19.66 U/L, respectively. While, the highest GPT liver enzyme of treated group recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% but, the lowest recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 51.6 and 26.75 U/L, respectively
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixture on(GOT)
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and their mixture on liver functions (GOT) of Obese Rats. The obtained results indicated that the GOT liver enzyme of positive control rats group recorded the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 92.85 and 29.1 U/L, respectively. While, the highest GOT liver enzyme of treated group recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 72 and 55 U/L, respectively.
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on total protein level of Obese Rats:
The effects of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on the total protein level of Obese Rats. The obtained results indicated that the total protein levels of negative control group recorded the higher value when compared with positive control group with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 5.85 and 3.9 (g/dl) , respectively. While, the highest total protein levels recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% with as Significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 4.7 and 3.55 (g/dl), respectively
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on total protein (albumin) level of Obese Rats
The effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and its mixture on albumin levels of Obese Rats
Data showed that the serum albumin levels of negative control group recorded the higher value when compared with positive control group with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 3.95 and 2.305 (g/dl), respectively While, the highest serum albumin levels recorded for group fed on 5% mixture Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (5)% with a significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 3.55 and 2. 5 (g/dl), respectively,
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on serum total cholesterol of Obese Rats:
The effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on the serum total cholesterol of Obese Rats
The obtained results indicated that the cholesterol levels of positive control group recorded the highest value when compared with negative control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 154 and 76.5 (mg/dl), respectively. While, the higher cholesterol levels recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (5) % but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 107.25 and 78.9 (mg/dl), respectively
The effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on the serum triglycerides of Obese Rats
It is clear that , the triglyceride of positive control group recorded the higher value when compared with negative control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 132. 5 and 67.5 (mg/dl), respectively. While, the highest triglyceride recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (5)% but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on 5% mixture Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds (10%) with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 92.5 and 66 (mg/dl), respectively
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and its mixture on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) on obese rats
The effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and its mixture on the serum lipid profile (HDL-c) levels of Obese Rats
The obtained results indicated that the high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels of negative control group recorded the higher value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 52.4 and 36.35 (mg/dl), respectively. While, the higher (HDL-c) levels recorded for group fed on 10% mixture Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on Psyllium Seeds as powder (5)% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 51.5 and 34.14 (mg/dl), respectively.
The effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and its mixture on the serum lipid profile (LDL) levels of Obese Rats
The obtained results indicated that the Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels of negative control group recorded the lower value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 10.5 and 91.15 (mg/dl), respectively. While, the higher (LDL) levels recorded for group fed on Psyllium Seeds as powder (5)% but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 51.66 and 14.2 (mg/dl), respectively.
The effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds and its mixture on the serum lipid profile (VHDL) levels of Obese Rats
The obtained results indicated that the very-low-density lipoprotein (VHDL)levels of negative control group recorded the lower value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 13.5 and 26. 5 (mg/dl), respectively. While, the higher (VHDL)levels recorded for group fed on Quinoa Seeds as powder by (5)% but, the lowest value recorded for group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 5% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 18.5 and 13.2 (mg/dl), respectively
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of Obese Rats
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on body weight gain (BWG).
The obtained results showed that the body weight gain (BWG) % of positive control recorded the higher value when compared with negative control with significant difference. The mean values were 18.49 and 3.83 %, respectively. from obese rat groups, it is clear to notice that the highest (BWG) % recorded for Psyllium Seeds as powder by (10)%, while the lowest BWG % recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 36.68 and -11.04 %, respectively.
the effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on feed intake (FI)
In case of feed intake (FI), it could be notice that the feed intake of positive control recorded the higher value when compared with negative control with significant difference. The mean values were 7.56 and 6.69 (g/day/rat), respectively.
from obese rat groups, it is obvious that the highest feed intake recorded for mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10%, while the lowest FI recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% with significant. The mean values were 7.58 and 5.80 (g/day/rat) , respectively.
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on feed efficiency ratio of Obese Rats
The obtained results indicated that the higher feed efficiency ratio recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 0.9 and 0.21, respectively. On the other hand, the highest feed efficiency ratio of treated group recorded for mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 5% , while the lowest FER recorded for mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% with significant differences. The mean values were 0.53 and 0.031, respectively.
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on organs weight of Obese Rats:
Effect of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds on Liver weight of Obese Rats:
It is clear to notice that the liver weight of negative control group recorded the highest value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 4.375 and 4,83 g, respectively. While, group rats fed on 5% mix Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds recorded the highest liver weight, while the lowest value recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% with no significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 5.166 and 2.8775 (g), respectively.
In case of spleen weight, negative control group recorded the highest value when compared with positive control group, which were 0.533 and 0.425 g, respectively. While, group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 5% recorded the highest spleen weight but the lowest value recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% with no significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 0.38 and 0.25 g, respectively.
On the other hand, Heart weight of negative control group recorded the highest value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05), 0.5 and 0.466 %, respectively.While, group fed on Psyllium Seeds as powder by (10)% recorded the highest heart value but the lowest value recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (10)% with no significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 0.68 and 0.45g, respectively
It is clear that, kidney weight of negative control group recorded the highest value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05), 0.975 and 0.866%, respectively. While, group fed on mixture of Psyllium and Quinoa Seeds as powders by 10% recorded the highest kidney weight but the lowest value recorded for Quinoa Seeds as powder by (5)% with no significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 1.125 and 0.7375g, respectively.
Also, It is clear that , lung weight of negative control group recorded the highest value when compared with positive control group with significant difference (P≤0.05), 1.05 and 0.966 %, respectively. While, group fed on Psyllium Seeds as powder by (10)% recorded the highest lung weight but the lowest value recorded for Psyllium Seeds as powder (5)%with no significant difference (P≤0.05). The mean values were 1.29 and 0.953 g, respectively.