الفهرس 
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Abstract
The problem of increasing the chemical fertilizers cost
inputs is growing and plays a major role in increasing production cost
of crops and the outlook for reducing the use of fertilizers in future is
still pendulous. Egyptian clover is rightfully considered the first
responsible for achieving sustainable fertility of Egyptian lands for
more than five thousand years. Clover adds to the soil from 45 - 90
kg of organic nitrogen per feddan (0.42 ha), equivalent to 300 - 600
kg of fertilizer containing 15% nitrogen. So, The use of bio-fertilizer
for legumes (berseem ) to increase soil fertility and reduce the use of
nitrogen chemical fertilizers and reduce the pollution of the
environment resulting from the excessive use of these fertilizers’ and
access to food healthy and safe for both humans and animals.
The objectives:The objective of this lab experiment was to evaluate
the effects of laser exposure times and incubation seeds by Rhizobia
fertilization on (1) germination morphological characteristics, and
(2) the suitable laser exposure time. While, the specific objectives of
field experiment were to: (a) Compare the efficacy of Rhizobium
inoculation, to laser radiation of clover seeds in terms of germination,
growth parameters, nodulation and productivity, under field
conditions., (b) Study the nitrogen, Rhizobium, laser radiation use
efficiency and life cycle of root nodules on soil cultivation practices
in clover., (c) Use the available irrigation water qualities (Nile water
and groundwater) optimally., and (d) Minimize excessive chemical
fertilizers by using biofertilizer.