الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
T
he COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the most crucial global health calamity of the century and the greatest challenge that the humankind faced since the 2nd World War. Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses, named for the crown- like spikes on their surfaces, which are common in people and many different species of animals, including camels, cattle, cats, and bats (Holshue et al., 2020).
COVID-19 was the third highly epidemic disease which detected with a lower mortality rate than SARS and MERS as well its effect differs from country to country. It’s higher transmissibility, varied according to the clinical manifestations and lower pathogenicity of COVID-19 which could be due to diversity in the biology and genome structure of SARS-COV-2 compared with SARS-COV and MERS-COV (Mohamadian et al., 2021).
Aim of the study:
The present study aimed to identify nursing technical institute students’ perception regarding coronavirus through:
1-Assessing nursing technical institute students’ knowledge about (Coronavirus causes, vaccine, and isolation methods).
2-Assessing nursing technical institute students’ health practices regarding prevention/control and protection of Coronavirus infection.
3-Assessing nursing technical institute students’ attitude regarding prevention/ control of Coronavirus infection.
Research Questions:
What are the nursing technical institute students’ knowledge about (Coronavirus causes, vaccine and isolation methods)?
What are the nursing technical institute students’ health practices regarding prevention/control of Coronavirus?
What are the nursing technical institute students’ attitude regarding prevention/control of Coronavirus?
The study subjects and methods were portrayed under the four main designs as the following:
I-Technical design.
II-Operational design.
III- Administration design.
IV- Statistical design.
I-Technical design:
Technical design entail study design, study setting, subjects and tools of data collection used in this study.
Study design:
Descriptive research design was utilized to achieve the aim of this study, descriptive research is a research method describing the characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied, this method focuses on observing and measuring without manipulating variables(McCombes ,2023).
Study Setting:
This study was conducted at The Nursing Technical Institute, afield to Sohag University. The Institute was established in 1996, it was administratively affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Sohag university. Then the Institute become administratively affiliated to the Faculty of Nursing, Sohag University at the academic year 2012\2013 till now, with no independent building for the Institute till now but it located at terraced building in the ground floor, consisted of administrative office, director of institute office , faculty members office and two labs only, so the institute students practical training take place at the Faculty of Nursing labs to accommodate the largest number of students.
The Institute of Nursing aims to graduate nursing technicians with degree of experience to provide high quality nursing care using the least available capabilities.
Study Subjects:
A convenience sample of all available Nursing Technical Institute students in the first and second year were included in the study.
The subjects of this study included 138 nursing students from 560 total number of the students.
Sample size equation:
Where:
, , , ,
Tools of data collection:
Data was collected through the following three tools:
1-: Self-administered Questionnaire
It was designed by the investigator based on scientific literature review including the following two parts: (WHO, 2020e).
Part 1: This part assessed the students demographic characteristics such as age, sex, academic year and residency.
Part 2: This part assessed students’ knowledge regarding coronavirus it was consists of 14 MCQ questions included: definition of coronavirus, causes of Coronavirus, incubation period ,modes of transmission, risk factors, the most affected age group, manifestations, prevention/control, treatment of Coronavirus, methods of receiving vaccine , types of vaccine , the manufacturing country for each type of vaccine, exposure to side effects after getting vaccine and types of vaccine side effects.
Scoring System:
This part consists of 14 questions. The correct answer scored (one mark) and incorrect answer was score (zero).The total knowledge score was calculated as the following :The level of knowledge was consider satisfactory if the percent are more than 80% and consider unsatisfactory if less than 80% .
2- Students Health Practices Tool: It consists of two parts
Part (1): Assessment of student’s health practices regarding coronavirus:
This part consists of 9 questions. It assessed students’ health practices regarding preventive or control measures of Coronavirus infection such as: avoid going out from home, avoid unnecessary vacation, avoid consuming out door food, avoid hand shaking, hugging and kissing, give more attention to personal hygiene , avoid public transportation, hand washing ,use disinfected solution and use facial mask out door (WHO, 2020e).
Scoring System:
This part consists of 9 questions the correct performance was score (one mark) and the incorrect performance was score (zero), the total practices score was calculated as the following: percent 80% and more considered satisfactory and percent less than 80% will be unsatisfactory.
Part (2): Health Practice Observational check list(hand washing& protective equipment):
This part consists of 42 steps and it consists of two parts: Frist hand washing check list (11 steps).Second, protective equipment check list which include wearing and removing face mask (12 steps) , gowning (9 steps), gloving (10 steps) (WHO, 2009).
Scoring system:
This part consists of 42 steps, which were grouped into 2 subgroups i.e.: hand washing check list and protective equipment check list. The response was on scale ranged from zero (Not done) , one ( Done incorrect ) and two( Done correct) . The total practices score was calculated as the following: percent 80% and more considered satisfactory and percent less than 80% will be unsatisfactory.
3- Students attitude towards COVID-19 scale:
This tool determined the attitude of studied students toward COVID-19. It was adapted from (Memish et al., 2014) in which students’ responses were evaluated via a three-point Likert scale of agreement, Student chose one of the following response: strongly agree , somehow and strongly disagree , it consists of 14 item.
Scoring system:
This part consists of 14 item. The response was on point Likert scale ranged from zero (Strongly Disagree), one (Somehow) & two (Strongly Agree). The total score was calculated as the following: percent 80% and more considered positive attitude and percent less than 80% considered negative attitude.
II. Operational design:
The operational design includes preparatory phase and content validity, reliability, pilot study and field work .
Preparatory phase:
It included reviewing of the related recent literature and theoretical knowledge of various aspects of the study using textbooks, articles, internet, periodicals and magazines to develop the data collection tools.
Tools validity:
Validity was conducted to determine whether the tools cover an appropriate and necessary content as well as its relevance to the aim of the study. Validity of the developed tools was tested for its face and content validity through a jury of seven experts (1professor, 3 assistant professor and 3lecturer) from the critical care and emergency nursing department at Faculty of Nursing, Ain Shams University. The experts reviewed the tools for relevancy, comprehensiveness, simplicity and applicability, minor modifications were needed.
Reliability:
The developed tools were tested to determine its Reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha test and was estimated as (0.72) for knowledge, (0.77) for attitude and (0.96) for practice.
Ethical consideration:
The ethical research considerations in this study include the following: -
- The research approval was obtained from the scientific research ethical committee affiliated to the Faculty of Nursing at Ain shams University before starting the study as well as the director of the Technical Institute of Nursing at Sohag University.
- The researcher clarified the objectives and aim of the study to the students included in the study subjects.
- The researcher assured maintaining confidentiality of the subject data.
III. Administrative design:
An official permission was obtained from the director of Technical Institute of Nursing at Sohag University and Dean of Faculty of Nursing in which the study was conducted to obtain permission for data collection during the academic year 2022 – 2023. It ensured confidentiality of the collected data, after securing an official requirement for caring out this study.
The subjects were informed about choosing to participate or not and about their right to withdraw at any time without giving a reason. Data were anonymous, and only used for the purpose of the study. The researcher explained the aim and nature of this study to the students with assured them about confidentiality of the information given and that it will be used for research aim only.
Pilot study:
A pilot study was done before starting data collection on 10% (14) of students to evaluate the tools for clarity and applicability and to estimate the time needed to fill in the study tools then necessary modifications were carried out before actual data collection. According to the results of pilot study it was revealed that, the questions were clear and applicable to complete this study. So, pilot subjects were included in the study subjects as there was no subsequent modifications in the study tools.
Field Work:
Data collection took about 8 weeks started from the beginning of October to the end of November 2022. The investigator was available in the study settings 3 days per week from 10 Am to 1 Pm by scheduled rotation. Data collection from students who were accepted to be included in the study after explaining the aim of the study. Students was asked to fulfill the study tools according to their free time throughout the university day.
Assessing students’ knowledge, practice and attitude regarding coronavirus by using Self-administered Questionnaire, student’s health practices regarding coronavirus observational check list and Likert scale as the following:
Self-administered Questionnaire was filled by the students; it took about 7 to 10 minutes for every student to be fulfilled.
Students’ health practices was filled by the students, it took about 5 to 7 minutes for every student to be fulfilled.
Likert scale took about 5 to10 minutes for every student to be fulfilled.
Observational check list: the investigator evaluated around (6-8 students) per day, each student took about 15 to 20 minutes to perform all required procedures, each procedure took (3-5 mins). The investigator assessed student practice at the clinical labs of the Technical Institute of Nursing. Nursing students who filled the questionnaire were the same students who performed the procedures.
IV. Statistical design:
Computerized data entry and statistical analysis were fulfilled using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version26. The obtained data were organized, analyzed and represented in tables and graphs as required. Data were presented using descriptive statistics in the form of Number, Percentage, Mean score, Standard deviation (SD), Chi-square (2) and Correlation coefficient (r), were used to estimate the statistical significant that was considered at P-value < 0.05.
The following tests were done:
Chi-square (x2) test of significance was used in order to compare proportions between qualitative parameters.
Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) test was used to assess the degree of association between two sets of variables
The confidence interval was set to 95% and the margin of error accepted was set to 5%. So, the p-value was considered significant as the following:
Probability (P-value)
P-value <0.05 was considered significant.
P-value <0.001 was considered as highly significant.
P-value >0.05 was considered insignificant.
Results:
Regarding demographic characteristics of the studied students The present study revealed that (55.8%) of studied students were males, 43.5% of them their ages were 19 years old 63.8% were in first year. Also, it was found that 71% of them were living in rural areas.
Regarding correlation between total score of knowledge ,total attitude score and total practice score there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the total knowledge of studied students and their total attitude. Also there was a statistically significant positive correlation between total knowledge of studied students and their total practices. In addition, there was a high statistically significant positive correlation between the total practice of studied students and their total attitude.
Conclusion:
Based on statistical data, more than half of the studied students had satisfactory total level of knowledge about COVID 19.Also, most of the studied students had satisfactory level of total practices regarding prevention of COVID 19. In addition more than three quarters of the studied students had positive total attitude regarding COVID 19.
Recommendations:
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are proposed:
-Developing educational programs about COVID-19 for nursing students to improve their knowledge regarding COVID-19.
-Technical institute of nursing should provide student with sufficient knowledge about infectious diseases as COVID-19.
-Increase number of labs to provide practical training for nursing students.
-Increase the facilities for hand washing should be provided at Sohag technical institute of nursing.
- The further researches could be:
A. Effect of Social Media on Knowledge and Practices of Nursing Students regarding COVID-19.
B. Educational Program about Effect of Period of Wearing Face Mask on Respiratory System.