الفهرس 
Major Depressive DisorderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder ranks as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. Personality disorders, though less common than MDD, also appear highly prevalent. In the general population, it is suggested that 10 to 20 percent meet criteria for one or more personality disorders. In addition to the high prevalence rates of both disorders individually, a large percentage of those diagnosed with a personality disorder also meet criteria MDD.
Reciprocally, a significant percentage of patients seen by mental health providers for depression have personality disorders as well. Estimates of the prevalence of personality disorders in depressed populations vary widely from 9.3% to 100%. Nevertheless, several studies indicate high rates of personality disorders in depressed patients.
The variability in prevalence rates may reflect differences in patient populations (inpatient vs. outpatient), timing of the evaluation (before vs. after treatment of the depression), assessment tools (self-report vs. structured interviews), and diagnostic criteria. For example, personality disorders from Cluster C (anxious/fearful cluster) appear to be the most common personality disorders seen in outpatients with depression, while borderline personality disorder (Cluster B) seems to be the most commonly diagnosed in inpatients with depression.
Functioning refers to one’s ability to work, form and maintain relationships, and engage in leisure and other life activities, and can be rated by others or through self-reporting. In short, functioning describes a person’s everyday performance. Compared with the general population, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) report substantial deficits in their functioning. Functional impairment often overlaps with depressive symptom severity. Importantly, these deficiencies in functioning seem to continue even after symptom resolution leading to increased frequency of relapse and increasing cost of care.
Suicide is a leading public health problem worldwide, accounting for 1.4% of the total mortality globally. Suicide was the fifth leading cause of death, amounting to over 3.6% of all deaths. Four forms of suicidal behavior including suicidal ideation (SI), suicide plan (SP) suicide attempt (SA) and completed suicide (CS) have been commonly studied. Several studies have examined the prevalence of suicidal behaviors in patients with MDD, but the prevalence range varied widely from 7.3to 48.4%.