الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fruit trees are very important orchard crops for local consumption and exportation. Predator mites are important natural enemies of many phytophagous mites on various crops in different agroecosystems worldwide. The present investigation was conducted at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. This study aims to survey the predacious and phytophagous mites that infested some fruit trees. Also, studying biological habitats and aspects of Amblyseius swirskii (A- H) when fed on three types of food; Tetranychus urticae Koch, Eutetranychus orientalis Klein, and pollen grain of castor been. In addition, studying the biological control of phytophagous mites by releasing predator mites, Euseius scutalis (A- H), and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) against E. orientalis mites. Finely uses some essential oils as a safe method to control two phytophagous mites, T. urticae and E. orientalis which cause serious damage to many crops.
The most important results obtained were as follows:
Survey studies
- The survey studies showed that the mites found on some fruit trees’ leaves and debris belong to three mites classified according to their feeding habitats; predators, phytophagous, and uncertain food behavior mites, there were twenty-one families, which have 70 mite species inhabiting fruit trees.
- Fruit trees were carried out in Fayoum Governorates for two years, from March 2018 to February 2020. The incidence revealed 70 mite species inhabiting these fruit trees, 16 species are plant feeders, 39 species are Predaceous, and 15 are of uncertain feeding behavior
- the result indicates that thirty- nine species belong to twelve families of predator mites-infested fruit trees, and they are classified as follows: Phytoseiidae, Cheyletidae, Cunaxidae, Bdellidae, Eupodidae, Stigmaeidae, Caligonellidae, Parasitaidae, Laelapidae, Ascidae, Raphignathidae, and Hemisarcoptidae.
- 16 species are plant feeders were phytophagous mites belonging to 3 families; Tetranychidae, Tenupalpidae, and Eriophyidae.
- uncertain feeding habits include 15 species belonging to six families; Tydeidae, Tarsonemidae, Oribatulidae, Ameroseiidae, Oppiidae, and Acaridae.
Biological studies:
Studied the biological studies on Amblyseius swirskii (A- H), which was the most important predator’ mites infested fruit trees at constant temperatures of 25˚C± 2 and 70± 10 %RH on different food; T. urticae, E. orentalis as prey mites and pollen grains of castor (Ricinus communis L.) as an alternative food. The female and male of A. swirskii mites take different periods, i.e., egg, larva, protonymph, and deutonymph, before they reach adults; also, it inters after each period from immature stages into a short quiescent period in which the stage becomes not move and don’t eat then molt to the next period. Also studied the biological aspects of incubation, molt, copulation, and oviposition to this mite the three kinds. Also, the food consumption of two prey was studied, and the results obtained as follows:
- The Incubation period (egg stage), larval period, protonymph period, deutonymph period, total immature period, and life cycle period were 2.54, 1.07, 1.43, 1.43, 3.93, and 6.46 days for males, respectively, 2.59, 1.09, 1.44, 1.53, 4.06, and 6.66 days for a female, respectively when fed on immature stages of E. orentalis mites.
- The corresponding values for male biological aspects mentioned before were 2.39, 1.07, 1.79, 1.46, 4.50, and 6.89 days, respectively. However, the biological aspects of females were 2.47, 1.03, 1.94, 1.81, 4.78, and 7.25 days, respectively, on immature stages of T. urticae.
- Also, The Incubation period (egg stage), larval period, protonymph period, deutonymph period, total immature period, and life cycle period when the predators feed on pollen grains of castor were 2.64, 1.07, 1.82, 1.96, 4.86, and 7.50 days for male, respectively, 2.97, 1.19, 2.00, 1.97, 5.16, and 8.13 days for a female, respectively.
- The pre - oviposition period, the oviposition period, and the post-oviposition period in the female of Amblyseius swirskii when fed on E. orentalis mites were 2.13, 33.03 and 6.03 days, respectively, as well as on T. urticae were 2.50, 29.28 and 6.56 days, respectively, and on pollen grains of castor 2.88,28.56 and 5.22 days, respectively. The significant difference between females between three types of food.
- The longevity period on E. orentalis was 32.82 and 41.19 days for male and female, respectively, and for T. urticae prey were 31.25 and 38.34 days for male and female, respectively, while on pollen grains were 29.11 and 36.66 days for male and female, respectively. With a significant difference in females between the three types of food.
- The daily numbers of eggs, the fecundity, and the generation period of females on E. orentalis mites were 1.52 eggs, 50.31 eggs, and 8.78 days, respectively, and on T. urticae prey were 1.30 eggs, 38.13 eggs, and 9.75 days, respectively, but on pollen grains were 1.28 eggs, 36.56 eggs and 11.00 days. There was a significant difference between females of the three types of generation period; At the same time, the daily numbers of eggs and the fecundity, there was a significant difference in E. orentalis only.
- The life span of Amblyseius swirskii on E. orentalis was 39.29 and 47.84 days for males and females, respectively. However, on T. urticae were 38.14 and 45.59 days for males and females, respectively. And on pollen grains were 36.61 and 44.78 days for males and females, respectively. The difference was statistically significant for males and females of three types of food.
- The mean life span for males was shorter than for females of three types of food. In addition, the prey immature stage of E. orentalis mites was more favorable for A.swirskii than the immature stage of T. urticae and, finally, pollen grains.
- The food consumption of male A. swarskii (A- H), when fed on immature stage T. urticae, was 4.43, 6.79,11.71, 10.14, and 21.86 immature individuals for the protonymph, the deutonymph, totally immature, longevity and life span period, respectively. When fed on immature stages of E. orentalis were 7.57, 9.86,18.21, 11.50, and 29.71 immature individuals for the previous period, respectively, with significant differences between the two preys’ mites
- The food consumption of female A. swarskii (A- H), when fed on immature stage T. urticae, was 4.63, 7.06, 12.31, 9.63,13.63, 6.94, 30.19 and 42.50 immature individuals for the protonymph, the deutonymph, totally immature, The pre-oviposition, The oviposition, The post-oviposition longevity and life span period, respectively. On the other hand, when fed on immature stages of E. orentalis, were 7.88, 10.06,18.75,11.75, 16.63, 8.25, 36.63, and 55.38 immature individuals for the previous period, respectively, with significant differences between two preys’ mites.
- The predatory mite A. swarskii (A- H) completed the life cycle, longevity, and fecundity when reared on immature stages of E. orentalis and T. urticae and pollen grains, but the immature stages of E. orentalis were the most favorite food for the predatory A. swarskii because the diet of E. orentalis gave shorter life cycle and longer longevity, and the females little more in fecundity when fed on immature stages of E. orentalis compared with immature stages of T. urticae and pollen grains
Biological control of Eutetranychus orentalis Klein by releasing of predator mites, Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor)
Releasing of predator mite, Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot)
- The predatory mite E. scutalis was released in June 2021 at levels (3, 5, and 10 predator/ mandarin seedling) to control E. orentalis under field conditions. The average percent reduction of E. orentalis after 140 days was 76.10, 77.84, and 84.95 % at levels 3, 5, and 10 predator/ mandarin seedlings, respectively. The mean number of predatory mites was 7.69, 11.079, and 14.07 predators for levels 3, 5, and 10, respectively.
- The highest mean percentage reduction (84.95 %) in Eutetranychus orientalis was significantly at the release rate of 10 predatory /seedlings. The lowest one (76.10 %) occurred at a rate of 3 predators /seedlings.
- Significant differences existed between the level 10 predatory mites and the remaining two release rates of 3 and 5 predators. However, the reduction was not significantly different in 3 and 5 predators per mandarin seedling during this study.
- The mean number of predators were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) in the 3, 5, and 10 release.
- The most effective level was 10 predator mite /mandarin seedlings of this predator against E. orientalis.
Releasing of predator mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor)
- The predatory mite N. californicus was released in May 2021 at levels (3, 5, and 10 predator/ navel orange seedling) to control E. orentalis under field conditions. The average percent reduction of E. orentalis after 160 days was 73.76, 77.45, and 81.41 % at levels 3, 5, and 10 predator/ orange seedlings, respectively. The mean number of predatory mites was 8.53, 13.20, and 17.53 predators for levels 3, 5, and 10, respectively.
- The highest mean percentage reduction (81.41 %) in Eutetranychus orientalis was significantly at the release rate of 10 predatory /seedlings. At the same time, the lowest one (73.76 %) occurred at a rate of 3 predators /seedlings.
- Significant differences existed between the level 10 predatory mites and the remaining two release rates of 3 and 5 predators.
- The mean number of predators were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) in the 3, 5, and 10 release.
- The most effective level was 10 predator mite /navel orange seedlings of this predator against N. californicus.
Uses of essential oils to control two types of phytophagous mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Eutetranychus orientalis Klein:
- The GC-MS identified the major constituent and their retention time of the five essential oils: anise oil: anethole (26.175%), Ethanone 9.658, 4-Methoxy- Benzaldehyde, 7.413, and 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone 7.201; rosemary was 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) (30.03%), 3-hydroxypropyl ester (21.099), camphor (14.595%) and eucalyptol (12.497%); the most abundant components in eucalyptus oil was camphor (14.262%), heneicosane (9.81%), and eicosane (7.14%); garlic was octatriacontyl pentafluoropropiona (11.522%), Eicosane (9.751%), and Heneicosane (8.575%) and for clove eugenol (32.823%), Heneicosane (11.329%) and Acetophenone (11.160%)
- uses four concentrations of five essential oils, rosemary, eucalyptus, anise, garlic, and cloves, against eggs and adult females of T.urticae and E. orientalis exhibited remarkable adulticidal effects after 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment compared with the control.
Uses of five essential oils to control Tetranychus urticae Koch
- The maximum mortality of adult females of T.urticae was 62.00% for rosemary, followed by eucalyptus at 60.0%, anise at 58.0%, then garlic at 50.0%, and finally cloves at 48% after 72 h at 4%. There was a statistically significant difference for all oils with the number of adults obtained from the control
- ovicidal activity against T. urticae eggs, the largest mean numbers of un-hatched T. urticae eggs were recorded at the high concentrations of 4%; 76.1%, 62.25, 59.1%, 54.45 and 50.0% for rosemary, garlic, anise, cloves and eucalyptus, respectively after 7 days of treatment.
- The toxicity of the five essential oils against the adult females of T. urticae, LC50 after 72 h attained at concentrations of 3.02%, 3.05, 3.45%, 3.89%, and 4.51, and the consequent LC90 was 9.59, 28.16, 18.75, 24.19% and 39.96 for rosemary, cloves, eucalyptus, anise and garlic, respectively.
- Rosemary recorded the highest slope values of 2.99, 2.94, and 2.89 after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively.
- The toxicity of these essential oils against eggs of T. urticae, LC50 reached concentrations of 0.96%, 2.54%, 2.73%, 2.03 and 2.23 while LC90 was 9.51, 11.44, 21.65, 23.04 and 40.69 for rosemary, anise, eucalyptus, garlic and cloves, respectively.
Uses of five essential oils to control Eutetranychus orentalis Klein
- The anise EO showed the highest significant mortality of adult females of E.orentalis (77.7 %), followed by rosemary was 68.88%, 66.66% for eucalyptus, 66.65% for garlic, and finally 64.44% for cloves at a concentration of 4%.
- The toxicity of essential oils against the adult females of E.orentalis, LC50 after 72 h attained a concentration of 1.27 % of anise, which is comparatively lower than the concentrations required for the LC50 of the other four EO.
- The highest slope for anise oil was 1.70, and the lowest was 1.32 for cloves.
- This evidenced that the strongest acaricidal activity against the adult females of E.orentalis was for the anise EO, and the lowest was cloves oil.
- The rosemary EO showed maximum inhibition of the egg hatchability (93.33%), followed by the anise EO (84%)
- the toxicity of these essential oils against eggs of E.orentalis, LC50 attained at a concentration of 0.593% and 0.597% for rosemary and anise, respectively. The LC90 attained a concentration of 3.476% and 7.537% for rosemary and anise, and the slopes for rosemary, anise, cloves, eucalyptus, and garlic are 1.67, 1.16, 0.99, 0.91, and 0.99, respectively.
- The rosemary and anise essential oil became more effective with increased concentrations against the eggs of E.orentalis.
- from the result, the essential oils used were more effective against the eggs and adult females of Eutetranychus orientalis Klein than eggs and adult females of Tetranychus urticae Koch.