الفهرس 
Aim and plan of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water is very important for human life, agriculture and to produce industrial
products. Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce around the world due to
the growing imbalance between freshwater availability and consumption. In our
modern society the access to clean and safe water has become challenging. Due to the
increase in population, the demand of water resources is also increasing to a modern
consumer society [1].
Municipal wastewater is the most abundant type of wastewater that falls into the
category of low-strength waste streams; it is characterized by low organic strength and
high particulate organic matter content.
Municipal wastewater treatment plants have the potential to become net
producers of renewable energy, converting the chemically bound energy content in the
organic pollutants of raw municipal wastewater to a useful energy carrier (biogas),
while producing clean water for communities in the vicinity [2].
Recovered municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents have the potential to
become net producers of renewable energy, converting the chemically bound energy
content in the organic pollutants of raw municipal wastewater to useful energy carrier
while producing other recyclable and reusable products [3], where that make the new
membranes specially developed for the use in waste water treatment have made
membrane bioreactors become a promising alternative to the well-known aerobic
processes.
Ultra- or microfiltration membranes replace conventional sedimentation for the
separation of the treated water from the sludge. The use of submerged membranes has
reduced the power consumption of membrane bioreactors significantly and hence
increased the potential for the application of membranes in waste water treatment.
Moreover, ultra- and microfiltration membranes with a pore-size of 0.2 μm or less not
only retain bacteria but also viruses virtually completely.
Earlier studies have already shown that membrane bioreactors can be operated at
much higher biomass concentrations than conventional treatment plants for long
periods and with complete sludge retention. And treatment performances were
generally better, and deterioration of the performance was not observed. The
microbiological processes which are at the basis of the biological treatment are not yet
understood very well [4].
The main problem with wastewater treatment in Egypt and in most of
developing countries was that the final result obtained after treatment, the effluent, was
not easily recognized as a valuable product (contrary to water treatment for water
supply).
This explains why many wastewater treatment facilities in developing regions
were poorly maintained and eventually become inactive. If the treatment process itself,
in addition to purified effluent, could generate valuable products, this would be an
important incentive to stimulate the effective operation and maintenance of treatment
facilities [5-7].
Wastewater treatment in the Egyptian rural villages lags far behind potable water
supply by 10 years. Wastewater management at all stages of handling was inadequate
in almost all rural areas. Poorly maintained or non-existent sewage systems, run off
from animal wastes were obviously documented in Egyptian rural villages. Untreated
sewage in rural villages often flows freely into streets and agricultural fields directly
contaminating Food and water.
It was worth to mention that the shortage of educated & trained professionals
and lack of awareness in the fields of environment and pollution abatement in rural and
even in some urban areas in Egypt will directly contributing to a critical community
and environmental health crisis. In addition, no systematic attempt has been made to
establish comprehensive and integrated programs for appropriate, applicable and costeffective options for wastewater treatment and reuse in rural areas in Egy