الفهرس 
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Abstract
An investigation into the design of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system for different load types, such as a stand-alone electric vehicle charging station for charging the electric vehicle’s battery and a stand-alone photovoltaic solar pumping system for supplying rural areas, is presented. It includes studying system components and their modeling, such as a photovoltaic system, a DC-DC converters, different load types, and a maximum power point tracking control unit. The thesis focuses on increasing energy extraction from the photovoltaic system by improving maximum power point tracking.
from different MPPT techniques previously proposed, two controllers based on multi-degree of freedom concepts (MDOF) were developed: the simplified universal intelligent PID controller (SUI-PID) and the multi-degree of freedom fuzzy logic controller (MDOF-FLC). Four other MPPT control methods are investigated: a new artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on linear membership functions, fuzzy logic controller based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-FLC), and fuzzy neural networks (FNN). These use PV source output power, voltage or temperature, and irradiations as input variables. Both generate pulse width modulation (PWM) control signals to continually adjust the converter to maximize power from the PV array to the load. System elements are individually modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK and then connected to assess performance under different PV irradiation levels and temperatures. An experimental work was performed to confirm the simulation results under the same conditions. The results show that the proposed controllers (MDOF-FLC and SUI-PID) have a faster dynamic response and eliminate oscillations around the MPP under different operating conditions compared with FNN, ANN, PSO-FLC, and FLC. The results confirm that the new methods have improved energy extraction and dynamic tracking compared with other intelligent controllers. However, the SUI-PID controller recorded the best total cost compared with all controllers, in addition to simplicity in design and implementation.