الفهرس 
Effect of surface irrigation systemsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
I- Morphophysiological characters:
1- Data showed that irrigation systems significantly affected morphophysiological characters. Irrigation with basin system (traditional method) causes delaying in heading date. However, using gated pipes in wheat irrigation produced the highest significant values of total chlorophyll, plant height, flag leaf area and RWC compared to basin system.
2- There were significant differences among the tested growth stimulants for morphophysiological characters. Untreated plants exhibited the highest days from sowing to 50 % heading. However, seaweed extract and yeast extract have the highest values of chlorophyll content, plant height, flag leaf area and RWC compared to the other stimulants.
3- Interaction between the irrigation systems and growth stimulants indicated that the highest number of days from sowing to 50% heading were obtained when untreated plants with any stimulants irrigated with basin system. The greatest tallest plants and total chlorophyll were obtained by irrigated plants with gated pipes and treated with seaweed extract, while irrigated plants with same system and treated with yeast extract produced the greatest relative water content.
II- Leaf minerals content:
1- Irrigated plants with gated pipes system gave higher significant contents of N, P, K and Mg compared to other irrigation systems. However, lowest minerals contents were achieved by basin system.
2- Growth stimulants significantly affected on mineral contents in wheat leaves compared to control. The highest value of N content was recorded by plants treated with compost tea followed by seaweed extract without significant differences between them in first season. However, yeast extract had the highest values of P content. Seaweed extract exhibited remarkable increases in K and Mg contents in leaves more than other stimulants.
3- Interaction data showed that irrigated plants with gated pipes surpassed other irrigation systems and exposed higher mean values of mineral contents in leaves i.e., N when treated with compost tea, K and Mg when treated with seaweed extract. However, the lowest values of N, K and Mg were recorded by irrigated with basin system and untreated plants with any growth stimulants.
III- Yield and its components:
1- Yield and its components were differently responded to various irrigation systems. Gated pipes system exhibited the highest values of yield and its components followed by bed system without significant between them for spike weight in the two seasons, and number of grains per spike and straw yield/fed in one season. Meanwhile, basin system recorded the lowest yield and its components in both seasons.
2- Yield and its components were significantly increased with application of growth stimulants compared to untreated plants. Yeast extract and seaweed extract exhibited increases, while control recorded the lowest ones in both seasons.
3- The interaction between irrigation systems and growth stimulants were found to be significant for yield and its components except spike length and spike weight in both seasons. In general, irrigated plants with gated pipes surpassed other irrigation systems and exposed higher mean values of yield characters when treated with yeast extract (for No. of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield/fed) and seaweed extract (for No. of spikes/m2, straw yield/fed and biological yield /fed). However, the lowest values were recorded by irrigated with basin system and untreated plants with any growth stimulants.
IV- Irrigation water efficiency
1- Irrigation systems significantly affected on irrigation efficiency parameters. Basin irrigation system received the highest amount of irrigation water applied during the season, while the lowest water amounts were occurred by gated pipes. The highest significant values of water productivity for grain and biomass were occurred when plants irrigated by gated pipes.
2- The differences among growth stimulants did not reach the level of significant for total water applied in both seasons. The higher significant values of water productivity for grain and biomass occurred when plants treated with seaweed extract followed by yeast extract, while the lower ones occurred by untreated plants in both seasons.
3- The interaction between the two studied factors were found to be significant for irrigation efficiency parameters. The highest amount of water applied was obtained by irrigated plants with basin system when untreated with any growth stimulants, while the lowest one was achieved when irrigated plants with gated pipes and treated with seaweed extract. On the other side, plants irrigated with gated pipes
and treated with seaweed extract or yeast extract produced the highest water productivity for grain and biomass yields.
V- Technological and rheological properties:
V.1- Milling properties
1- Insignificant differences were detected among irrigation system for flour, fine bran and coarse bran percentages.
2- The tested growth stimulants were not significantly differed in the milling characters studied.
3- The interaction between irrigation systems and growth stimulants were not significant for milling characters.
V.2- Chemical analysis of grains
1- Significant differences were detected among irrigation systems for protein and carbohydrates % as well as gluten%. Gated pipes exhibited the highest values of protein as well as wet and dry gluten%. However, basin irrigation recorded the higher carbohydrates%.
2- Growth stimulants were significantly affected in chemical composition of grains. Yeast extract recorded higher significant protein, wet gluten and dry gluten%. However, the highest value of carbohydrates was recorded by untreated plants and compost tea.
3- Interaction data showed that irrigated plants with gated pipes had the maximum values of protein as well as wet and dry gluten% when treated with yeast extract. However, higher carbohydrates % was obtained from irrigated plants with bed system when treated with compost tea.
V.3- Flour colour parameters
1- Flour obtained from gated pipes exhibited the highest values of flour whiteness compare to basin irrigation. However, grains flour obtained
from various irrigation systems did not differ in their redness and yellowness colour.
2- Flour lightness or whiteness was maximized by application of yeast extract and amino acids, but minimized in flour of untreated plants. On the other hand, the differences in flour redness and yellowness did not reach the level of significance.
3- The interaction between irrigation systems and growth stimulants was not significant effect on flour colour.
V.4. Rheological properties of dough
V.4.1. Farinograph properties
1- Farinograph properties of dough were differed among irrigation systems. Flour of irrigated plants with gated pipes recorded highest values of water absorption and dough stability. However, the highest values of dough development time, mixing tolerance index and dough weakening were achieved by plants irrigated with basin irrigation.
2- Data showed that flour produced from yeast extract treatment recorded the highest values of water absorption and dough stability. However, higher mixing tolerance index and dough weakening values were obtained by control treatment.
3- The interaction data indicated that the greatest water absorption percentage and dough stability were obtained by irrigated plants with gated pipes when treated with yeast extract. However, the highest mixing tolerance index and dough weakening were happened when the plants irrigated with basin system and treated with compost tea.
V.4.2. Extensograph properties
1- Wheat dough of plants irrigated with gated pipes showed higher resistance to extension, proportional number and dough energy.
However, the highest values of extensibility of dough were obtained when irrigated plants with basin system followed by gated pipes system.
2- Data showed that yeast extract recorded the highest values of resistance to extension, proportional number and dough energy, while control treatment recorded the highest values of extensibility.
3- The interaction data showed that irrigated plants differed responses to growth stimulants. Irrigated plants with gated pipes were the effective treatment for increasing resistance to extension, proportional number and dough energy when plants treated with yeast extract. However, the highest value of extensibility was achieved by plants irrigated with bed system and treated with seaweed extract and control.
Conclusion
Surface irrigation requires a new management including improving irrigation efficiency and save water. Growth stimulants are substances has efficient performance of the plant’s vital processes, and helping high yields and good quality products. from the abovementioned results, it could be concluded that relying on gated pipe for wheat irrigation in Nile Delta lands and treated wheat plants with growth stimulants can save irrigation water and improve wheat yield and grain quality. Significant increases in grain yield and most effective characters of grain quality were obtained by irrigated plants with gated pipes especially when foliar sprayed with yeast extract, which is found to be the best combination treatment for maximize grain productivity (3.931 and 3.745 ton /fed in the first and second seasons, respectively) under similar the environmental conditions of the experiment site.