الفهرس 
Abstract
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Abstract
This research was done on Aggezi shami and Picual trees cultivated in a horticulture station orchard in the Shandaweel area of the Sohag Governorate, Egypt, over the course of two successive growing seasons in 2020 and 2021. A surface irrigation system was used to water 16-year-old olive trees that were spaced 6 x 6 meters apart in silt clay loam soil. The chosen trees were uniform in shape and had undergone standard horticultural procedures. Different concentrations of GA3, lemongrass, and moringa leaf extract were sprayed on the chosen trees. During the two seasons under consideration, the experiment was set up as a randomised complete block design in split plot arrangement, the two olive cvs occupied the main plots and GA3, moringa and lemongrass spraying ranked the sub-plots with three replications, one tree each. The sub-plots treatments as follows:
1. Tree spray with GA3 at 100 ppm.
2. Tree spray with moringa leaves extract at 2%.
3. Tree spray with moringa leaves extract at 4%.
4. Tree spray with lemongrass extract at 2%.
5. Tree spray with lemongrass extract at 4%.
6. Control treatment (spray with water only)
1- Effect of spraying GA3, moringa and lemongrass on vegetative growth:
1.1- Shoot length and leaf number/shoot:
Regarding the specific of different olive cultivars, results in prementioned table and figure showed that shoot length and leaf number/shoot was significantly varied among the two olive cvs, Aggezi shami and Picual. They were significantly stimulated in olive cvs Aggezi shami and Picual in descending order. The Aggezi shami had the higher shoot length and leaves number/shoot than Picual.
The relation to the effect of GA3, moringa and lemongrass spraying the data indicated that shoot length and leaves number/shoot were significantly affected by various solution spraying. Spraying GA3, moringa or lemongrass significantly increased the shoot length and number of leaves/shoot compared to spray water (check treatment).
The highest length shoot and number of leaves per shoot were obtained due to spray 4% moringa leaves extract, followed 100 ppm GA3 spraying. It could be arranged in descending order as 4% moringa, 100 ppm GA3, 4% lemongrass, 2% moringa, 2% lemongrass, then water spraying (control) during the two studied seasons, respectively. No significant differences were observed shoot length and number of leaves per shoot due to spray with 4% moringa or 100 ppm GA3.
Shoot length and leaves number per shoot responded significantly to interaction between the olive cultivars and GA3 or plant extracts spraying. In this respect all combinations of Aggezi shami trees gave the longest shoot and highest leaves number/shoot comparing the combination of Picual cultivars solution spraying. The longest shoot and higher leaves number per shoot were recorded on Aggezi shami olive trees spraying with 4% moringa leaves extract. Moreover, the highest values of shoot length and leaves number/shoot of all the studied cultivars were recorded due to spray with 4% moringa followed by GA3 spraying during the two studied seasons.
2- Leaf characters and chlorophyll contents:
Regarding the specific effect of different studied olive cultivars, results showed that leaf traits i.e., leaf area, total leaf area/shoot and chlorophyll contents were significantly varied among the two studied cultivars. The Aggezi Shami cultivar had the higher leaf traits than Picual cultivar, where, Aggezi Shami trees recorded the highest value of leaf area, total leaf area/shoot and total chlorophyll compared to Picual trees.
Leaf area, total leaf area/shoot and chlorophyll contents were significantly affected by different solution spraying. Spraying GA3, moringa or lemongrass significantly increased the area of leaves, total leaves area/shoot and chlorophyll contents compared to spray with water during the two studied seasons.
The highest leaf area and total leaf area/shoot as well as chlorophyll contents were obtained due to spray GA3 or 4% moringa. No significant differences in these studied traits due to spray GA3 or 4% moringa.
Leaf area and total chlorophyll contents responded significantly to interaction between the olive studied cultivars and sprayed GA3 or plant extracts.
In this field, all combinations of Aggezi shami trees recorded the highest these studied traits compared to combined solution spraying on Picual cultivars.
2- Effect of spraying GA3, moringa and lemongrass on flowering characteristics:
Regarding the specific of different olive cultivars, results in prementioned table and figure showed that inflorescence number per shoot and inflorescence length significantly varied among the two olive cvs, Aggezi shami and Picual. They were significantly increased in Aggezi shami olive cv than Picual. The Aggezi shami had the higher of these inflorescence traits than Picual.
Inflorescence number/shoot and inflorescence length were significantly affected by various solution spraying. Spraying GA3, moringa or lemongrass significantly increased these studied traits compared to spray water (check treatment).
The highest inflorescence number/shoot and inflorescence length were obtained due to spray 4% moringa leaves extract, followed 100 ppm GA3 spraying. It could be arranged in descending order as moringa, GA3, lemongrass and then water spraying (control) during the two studied seasons, respectively.
All combinations of Aggezi shami trees gave the highest inflorescence number/shoot and longest inflorescence comparing the combination of Picual cultivars and solution spraying. The highest number and longest of inflorescence were recorded on Aggezi shami olive trees spraying with 4% moringa leaves extract. Moreover, the highest values of these studied traits of two studied cultivars were recorded due to spray with 4% moringa followed by GA3 spraying during the two studied seasons.
Regarding the specific effect of different studied olive cultivars, results in showed that flowers density and sex expression were significantly varied among the two studied cultivars. Data indicated that such studied traits arranged in ascending order of Aggezi shami and Picual olives cultivars. On other words, Aggezi Shami trees had the highest flower density and six expression than Picual.
Flower number/ inflorescences and sex expression were significantly affected by different solution spraying. Spraying GA3, moringa or lemongrass significantly increased these studied flowing traits compared to spray with water.
The highest flower number/ inflorescences and sex expression were obtained due to spray GA3 or 4% moringa. No significant differences in these studied traits due to spray GA3 or 4% moringa.
Flower number/inflorescence and sex expression responded significantly to interaction between the olive studied cultivars and sprayed GA3 or plant extracts.
In this field, all combinations of Aggezi shami trees recorded the highest these studied traits compared to combined solution spraying on Picual cultivar.
The highest flower number/inflorescence and sex expression were found due to spray Aggezi shami trees with 4% moringa.
Moreover, the highest values of these studied traits of Aggezi shami and Picual trees were recorded due to spray with 4% moringa followed by 4% lemongrass during the two studied seasons.
3- Effect of spraying GA3, moringa and lemongrass on yield components:
Regarding the specific of different olive cultivars, results in prementioned table and figure showed that fruit set, fruit retention and yield/tree was significantly varied among the two olive cvs, Aggezi shami and Picual. They were significantly increased in Aggezi shami and Picual in descending order. The Aggezi shami had the higher yield components than Picual.
Spraying moringa or lemongrass significantly increased the fruit set, fruit retention and consequently significantly increased the yield/tree compared to spray water (check treatment).
The highest yield components were obtained due to spray 4% moringa leaves extract, followed 4% lemongrass. It could be arranged in descending order as 4% moringa, 4% lemongrass, GA3, 2% moringa, 2% lemongrass, then water spraying (control) during the two studied seasons, respectively. No significant differences were observed yield components due to spray with 4% moringa or 4% lemongrass.
All combinations of Aggezi shami trees gave the highest fruit set, fruit retention and yield/tree comparing with the combination of Picual cultivars with solution spraying. The highest fruit set, fruit retention and heaviest yield/tree were recorded on Aggezi shami olive trees spraying with 4% moringa leaves extract. Moreover, the highest values of these yield components two studied cultivars were recorded due to spray with 4% moringa followed by lemongrass.
4- Effect of spraying GA3, moringa and lemongrass on fruit physical characteristics:
Regarding the specific effect of different studied olive cultivars, results showed that fruit physical characteristics i.e. fruit weight, flesh %, dimension and flesh thickness were significantly varied among the two studied cultivars.
In relation to the effect of GA3, moringa and lemongrass spraying, the data indicated that fruit physical characteristics were significantly affected by different solution spraying. Spraying GA3, moringa or lemongrass significantly increased these studied fruit traits compared to spray with water during the two studied seasons, respectively.
The highest physical fruit traits were obtained due to spray 4% moringa or 4% lemongrass. No significant differences in these studied traits due to spray GA3 or 4% moringa or 4% lemongrass.
Fruit physical traits responded significantly to interaction between the olive studied cultivars and sprayed GA3 or plant extracts.
In this field, all combinations of Aggezi shami trees recorded the highest these studied traits compared to combined solution spraying on Picual cultivar.
5- Effect of spraying GA3, moringa and lemongrass on oil content:
Regarding the specific of different olive cultivars, results in prementioned table and figure showed that oil content was significantly varied among the two olive Aggezi shami and Picual cultivars. Oil content was significantly increased in Picual and Aggezi shami olive cultivars in descending order. The Picual had the higher oil content than Aggezi shami.
Oil content was significantly affected by various solution spraying. Spraying GA3, moringa or lemongrass significantly increased the oil content compared to spray water (check treatment).
The highest oil content was obtained due to spray 4% moringa leaves exract, followed 100 ppm GA3 spraying. It could be arranged in descending order as 4% moringa, 100 ppm GA3, 4% lemongrass, 2% moringa, 2% lemongrass, then water spraying (control) during the two studied seasons, respectively. No significant differences were observed on oil content due to spray with 4% moringa or 100 ppm GA3.
All combinations of Picual trees gave the highest oil content comparing the combination of Aggezi shami cultivar with solution spraying. The highest oil content was recorded on Picual olive trees spraying with 4% moringa leaves extract. Moreover, the highest values of oil content of all the studied cultivars were recorded due to spray with 4% moringa followed by GA3 spraying during the two studied seasons.
Conclusion
Depending on quantity of yield and fruit characteristics as well as percentage of oil, the following recommended cultivation of Aggezi shami trees under the environmental conditions of the experimental area to produce a high yield with fruit quality for pickling while for oil production, it is preferable to grown the Picual trees, which is characteristics by producing fruits that contain a high percentage of oil.
In addition, it is recommended to spray these cultivars with moringa or lemongrass oil at 4% twice, at beginning of growth and after fruit set to gave a high crop with best fruit quality. Moreover, to importance of using these compounds as natural alternative to use growth stimulants, especially GA3 in olive forms for the production of organic fruits and oils.