Introduction

Aim of the Work

Review of literature 5 Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Definition Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the collective term for heterogeneous chronic metabolic conditions defined by elevated blood glucose levels caused by absolute or relative insulin insufficiency mostly in the context of ?-cell malfunction, insulin resistance, or both (Zheng et al., 2017). Epidemiology According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue affecting roughly 415 million individuals aged 20 to 79 years old. DM is growing to be a global public health problem, with additional 200 million people likely to be affected by 2040 (Cho et al., 2018). According to the IDF, Egypt ranks tenth in the world in terms of diabetes prevalence, with 15.2% of the adult population suffering from the disease in early 2020. It is projected that the prevalence will continue to rise to dangerous levels. Obesity, physical inactivity, chronic hepatitis C infection, pesticides, smoking, and poor eating habits are all contributing reasons in Egypt’s high incidence (Riad and Elshafei, 2021). Clinical presentation: Diabetes has variable clinical presentations, it may present classically with characteristic symptoms such as polydipsia, polyuria, blurring of vision and extreme hunger. Genital yeast infections frequently occur. The most severe clinical manifestations are ketoacidosis or a nonketotic hyperosmolar state that may lead to dehydration, coma and, in the absence of effective treatment may end up to death (WHO, 2019). However, in Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) symptoms are usually mild,