الفهرس 
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Abstract
The primary aim of this study which entitled ''The Concept of wDa in Ancient
Egypt from the Old Kingdom till the Thirty Dynasty'' is to identify and uncover
terminologies, linguistic meanings and religious implications related with the term
wDa “(Gardiner Aa21)”.
The core of the research and its main focus is to trace wDa through the ancient
Egyptian history Egypt from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. The thesis is
supported by a variety of textual evidences that show the richness of the ancient
Egyptian language (papyri, statues, stelae, seal impressions, titles of officials, titles of
deities, Egyptian Onomastic, religious Texts and Books).
The study belongs to the qualitative and quantitative types thus it would follow
the historical and descriptive approaches along with the analytic-synthetic method.
Every clue would be interpreted individually in the context of the inscription they
contain. After that, a thorough synthesis would be done to emphasise its importance
and worth to the research topic.
The Ph.D thesis composed of an introduction, chapters, conclusion and a list of
references. The thesis is divided into two parts:
The Ph.D thesis first part is divided into four chapters; that covers data resources
or documents from the Old Kingdom till the Thirtieth Dynasty Dynasty (2686–332
BC).
i. Chapter I is entitled ‘wDa in The Old Kingdom’.
ii. Chapter II is entitled ‘wDa in The Middle Kingdom’.
iii. Chapter III is entitled ‘wDa in The New Kingdom’.
iv. Chapter IV is entitled ‘wDa in The Third Intermediate Period
and Late Period’.
The Ph.D Thesis second part is (Synthesis); it includes five chapters; it’s the detailed
study about wDa from all aspects starting from the old Kingdom till Late Period. It’s
divided into five chapters.
I. Chapter I entitled: “The Orthographical Writing of wDa from
the Old Kingdom till The Late Period”.
II. Chapter II entitled: “The Meanings and Usages of wDa from the
Old Kingdom till The Late Period”.
III. Chapter III entitled “WDa in the Ancient Egyptian Onomastics”.
IV. Chapter IV entitled “wDa and Places of judgment in Ancient
Egypt”.
V. Chapter V entitled “wDa and Deities”.
According to the Ph.D. thesis, wDa showed numerous styles of writing (wDa,
wDat, wDaw, wDaty, wDa-mdw, wDa-mAat, wDa-ryt) with various meanings and
implications, such as "to separate," "to judge", "to open", "to cut" ,"to dispel" , and "to
remove". The most used Determinative used with wDa was (Gardiner Y1 and 2
) which signifies a papyrus rolled up, tied and sealed. wDa was part of names of minor
deities who appeared in Religious books from the New kingdom (WDa,WDayt, WDa-
4Dm and WDa-it.f).
WDa replaced the name of God Seth in about 30 spells in CT. According to
various sources from the New Kingdom, Third Intermediate, and Late Periods, God
Thoth carried titles “wDa-mAat, wDa-mdw”. Those titles were to indicate his role as
lord of scribes and husband of Maat. In the New Kingdom's religious texts, several
deities including; Re, Osiris, Tatenen, and Nephthys, used to carry the title wDa-mdw.