الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cydnidae are crop pests that can cause damage by feeding on seeds, roots, and legumes. Moreover, they are recognized for their medical importance as they cause dermatologic problems such as inflammations and lesions if come in contact with human skin.
This work aimed to study taxonomy of Cydnidae of Egypt; examine morphological and topographical structures using scanning electron microscope; study soil texture for the two common Cydnid species, Cydnus aterrimus and Macroscytus brunneus; anticipate the current and future potential geographic distribution of Fromundus pygmaeus that is recorded for the first time in Egypt based on diverse emission scenarios of CO2.
1- Introduction and Literature review
The objective of this review is to summarize the history of the family Cydnidae, and the taxonomic treatments at specific, generic, and subfamilies levels. Previous literatures that studied morphological and topographical features of Cydnidae were also summarized. Moreover, literatures on Pentatomidae and Cydnidae that are interested in ecological niche modeling for medical and economic species were also provided.
2- Taxonomic studies including external surface topography of Cydnid bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Egypt
The present study dealt with the Cydnidae species preserved in the Egyptian reference collections, mentioned in literatures, and those collected from different localities. The checklist of the Egyptian Cydnidae is updated according to recent data. Twelve genera and 26 species within subfamilies Cydninae, Amaurocorinae, and Sehirinae are confirmed to be present against 9 genera with 17 species in the list of Prisner and Alfieri 1953. The added taxa included three genera (Linospa Signoret 1881, Alonips Signoret 1881, and Fromundus Distant 1901) and nine species. Among the added species, Fromundus
pygmaeus is recorded for the first time during the present study.
Diagnostic characters and taxonomic keys illustrated with high-quality 35 light and 11 scanning microphotographic images are provided to facilitate identification of genera and species of the Egyptian burrower bugs. The important morphological and topographical features of metathoracic wings stridulitrum, metathoracic scent gland, coxal combs, abdominal trichobothria, parameres, spermatheca, wings margin and plectrum for 11 species were introduced for the first time.
Data of the local distribution of the Cydnidae species in Egypt indicated that they are present in all Ecological zones. Lower Nile Valley and Delta was ranked the first followed by Sinai Peninsula, while Fayoum Basin was the last one. Distribution maps for 18 species were also included.
Analysis of the soil grain size inhabited by Cydnus aterrimus and Macroscytus brunneus indicated that they prefer muddy sand soil to complete their life cycle.
3- Validation of the presence of the newly recorded species Fromundus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Egypt using ecological niche modeling, with notes of its future status under climate change
Although Fromundus pygmaeus is widely distributed in the Oriental region, it introduced to Cyprus, Turkey, and Egypt in recent years. This species has agricultural and medical importance. Maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) modeling was used to predict the potential distribution of Fromundus pygmaeus. A set of 6 variables was selected for species from 19 bioclimatic variables based on correlation analysis. The study showed that the current distribution of F. pygmaeus is estimated to occur across Asia-Pacific region, with narrow bands in Central and Western Asia, and Southern Europe. The prediction of the presence of this species is compatible with the first recording in Egypt during the present study. Precipitation of the wettest quarter (Bio 16) had the highest effect on the distribution of F. pygmaeus where its increase caused a decrease in environmental suitable habitat for this species. Transferring the models to future conditions showed an increase in suitable habitats for this species under changing climate. These results can be used for
making control planning decisions in areas suitable to this species across its geographical distribution.