الفهرس 
Chapter One : General IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Increase in enviromental regulations toward industrial waste water discharge while global increase demand of energy in the last years requires the search for highly efficent and economic method for treatment of waste water from oil and gas field. Using nanomateial to enhance filtration efficency of polymeric membranes including salt rejection and oil removal from waste water is investigated through this work. Titanium nano ribbons (TNR), multiwalled carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs) and graphene oxide nano particles (GO NPs) were used to increase filtration efficency of polyethersulphone (PES) membranes. High Salt rejection, high oil removal and enhanced physiocemical charachteristics of the synthesised memberanes encourages application in oil field waste water treatment. simpilicity of memberane fabrication method increase the economic benefit of industrial mass production.
1. The first paper
Treatment of produced water in oil fields has become a tough challenge for oil producers.Nanofiltration, a promising method for water treatment, has been proposed as a solution. The phase inversion technique was used for the synthesis of nanofiltration membranes of polyethersulfoneembedded with graphene oxide nanoparticles and polyethersulfone embedded with titaniumnanoribbons. As a realistic situation, water samples taken from the oil field were filtered using synthetic membranes at an operating pressure of 0.3 MPa. Physiochemical properties such as waterflux, membrane morphology, flux recovery ratio, pore size and hydrophilicity were investigated. Additionally, filtration efficiency for removal of constituent ions, oil traces in water removal, and fouling tendency were evaluated. The constituent ions of produced water act as the scaling agent which threatens the blocking of the reservoir bores of the disposal wells. Adding graphene oxide (GO) and titanium nanoribbons (TNR) to polyethersulfone (PES) enhanced filtration efficiency, waterflux, and anti-fouling properties while also boosting hydrophilicity and porosity. The PES-0.7GOmembrane has the best filtering performance, followed by the PES-0.7TNR and pure-PES membranes,with chloride salt rejection rates of 81%, 78%, and 35%; oil rejection rates of 88%, 85%, and 71%;and water fluxes of 85, 82, and 42.5 kg/m2 h, respectively. Because of its higher hydrophilicityand physicochemical qualities, the PES-0.7GO membrane outperformed the PES-0.7TNR membrane.Nanofiltration membranes embedded with nanomaterial described in this work revealed encouraginglong-term performance for oil-in-water trace separation and scaling agent removal.
Keywords: GO/PES nanofiltration membrane; TNR/PES nanofiltration membrane; scale-formingions removal; oil traces removal
2. The Second Paper
Nanofiltration methods were used and evaluated for strontium removal from wastewater. The phase inversion method was used to create a variety of polyethersulfone (PES)/TiO2 nanoribbons (TNRs)–multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) membranes with varied ratios of TNR-MWCNTnanocomposite. The hydrothermal technique was applied to synthesize the nanocomposite (TNRs-MWCNTs), which was then followed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The synthesized membraneswere characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy,and FTIR. TNR macrovoids are employed as a support for the MWCNT growth catalyst, resulting ina TNR-MWCNT network composite. The hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, porosity, filtrationefficiency of the strontium-containing samples, water flux, and fouling tendency were used to assessthe performance of the synthesized membranes. The effect of feed water temperature on water fluxwas investigated as well as its effect on salt rejection. As the temperature increased from 30 to 90 ºC,the salt rejection decreased from 96.6 to 82% for the optimized 0.7 PES/TNR-MWCNT membrane,whereas the water flux increased to 150 kg/m2. h. Double successive filtration was evaluated forits high efficiency of 1000 ppm strontium removal, which reached 82.4%.
Keywords: polyethersulfone matrix; TNR-MWCNT nanocomposite; nanofiltration membranes;strontium removal; temperature effect.