الفهرس 
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Abstract
There is a vital need for low-cost and facile approaches capable of treating wastewater and the sea. Forward osmosis is a new method that treats water or wastewater using a semipermeable ultrathin membrane. Membrane technology is progressing owing to its environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and ease of usage. This is a prominent water purification technique for applications such as water/wastewater treatment, desalination, particular industrial uses, and energy recovery. This opens up the possibility of introducing low-cost, eco-friendly, and effective water treatment and desalination techniques for a wide range of applications, which positively influence humanity’s ability.
Mixed matrix woven forward osmosis (MMWFO) membranes made of polyethersulfone (PES)/Graphene oxide nanosheets (GO NSs) were made by inserting varying wt.% ratios of GO NSs (zero to 0.1 wt.%) into the PES matrix. A coated woven fabric material was used to cast the membrane polymer solution. The physical characteristics and chemical structures of the produced PES/GO MMWFO membranes were studied, including contact angle, hydrophilicity, porosity, tortuosity, function groups, chemical and crystallographic structures, nanomorphologies, and surface roughness. The performance of the prepared PES/GO FO membranes for water desalination was evaluated in terms of pure water flux (Jw), reverse salt flux (Js), and salt rejection (SR). The hydrophilicity and porosity of the FO membrane improved with the addition of GO NSs, as did water permeability due to the development of multiple skin-layer structures with greater GO NSs loading. These GO NSs establish shortcut pathways for water molecules to move through, reducing support layer tortuosity by three times, lowering support layer structural features, and minimizing internal concentration polarization (ICP). PES/0.01wt.% GO MMWFO membrane with a total casting thickness of 215 µm and 1M NaCl concentration had the best performance, with the highest Jw (114.7 LMH), lowest Js (0.03 GMH), and lowest specific reverse solute flux (Js/Jw =0.00026 g/L), as well as a more favorable structural parameter (S =149 µm). The performance of our optimized membrane is significantly better than that of the control woven commercial cellulose triacetate (CTA) FO membrane under optimal FO conditions. As the NaCl concentration increased from 0.6 to 2M, Jw increased from 105 to 127 LMH which is much higher than the Jw of the commercial one (7.2 to 15 LMH). Our FO membranes have an SR of 99.2% @0.65M NaCl, which is significantly greater than that of the CTA membrane.
Keywords: Polyether sulphone, Graphene Oxide Nanosheets, Phase inversion, mixed matrix woven membrane (MMW), forward osmosis (FO), Hummer’s method, desalination.