الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The primary and most commonly used surgical option for degenerative disc disease (DDD) and spondylolisthesis is posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). It is used for people who have worsening neurological symptoms that are not responding to conventional medical treatment. The lumbar interbody cage restores intervertebral height, regaining segmental lordosis through appropriate interbody fusion and stability.
The interbody cage is deemed stable when it is fixed in place between the neighbouring vertebral bodies and exhibits no displacement or subsidence and lead to appropriate bone fusion, which is commonly achieved with pedicle screws fixation.
Cage design for usage in the spinal column has evolved over time. The use of cage technology in interbody fusion surgeries has sparked enthusiasm for minimally invasive procedures used in current spine surgery. Together with the evolution of less invasive surgical techniques (laparoscopic or minimally open anterior spine surgery), and since the cage provides the necessary structural support, bone graft harvesting techniques have also become less invasive.