الفهرس 
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Abstract
Environmental pollution, particularly in the wastewater, is one of the most serious problems. The wastewater contains industrial, agricultural, and household waste, including inorganic, organic substances, and harmful bacteria. These pollutants are harmful to people, animals, and plants. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the scientific challenge of creating biodegradable and environmentally acceptable adsorbent materials. So far, several efficient methods have been reviewed for the removal of pollutants, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, coagulation, flocculation, and floatation. These methods have several disadvantages, such as a high reagent requirement, incapability for metal ion removal, and the generation of toxic sludge. The adsorption process has become the most preferred method for the removal of toxic contaminants from wastewater. it is very simple, economical, effective, and versatile. Therefore, they found diversified applications in many areas. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are anionic clays composed of mixed positively charged lamellar hydroxides of divalent (e.g., Mg2+, Zn2+ or Ca2+) and trivalent (e.g., Al3+, Fe3+ or Cr3+) metal ions with charge compensating anions between the layers and classified as member of a large group of synthetic and natural minerals whose physicochemical properties have great similarities with clay minerals and more particularly with cationic clay minerals. New studies revealed that layered double hydroxides (LDH) are promising multifunctional materials for several applications, like energy storage, photo-catalysis, and as nanocomposites in water purification. Nanocomposites have provided a good opportunity to improve the LDH efficiency in pollutant removal from the wastewater. In addition, a great interest is taken in using a renewable natural fiber for adsorption of pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides, such as cotton fabric is a popular type of textile that accounts for 24% of the global textile market due to its comfort and durability. It is primarily composed of cellulose, which is a linear homopolymer solid. It is mechanically strong, hydrophilic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. To obtain a cotton-based adsorbent with excellent adsorption abilities for inorganic and organic pollutants via modification of cotton fabric using different treatments or coated to obtain composite materials. The pyrolysis technique has the potential to produce activated carbon (ACs), which is useful as a sorbent for wastewater treatment. Thus, there have been various attempts to produce inexpensive AC or adsorbent from agricultural waste such as cotton residue. ACs are carbon of highly microporous form with both high internal surface area, porosity and, commercially, the most common adsorbents are used for the removal of organic compounds from air and water streams. They also often act as catalysts and catalyst supports. Moreover, agricultural by-products have been proved to be promising raw materials to produce ACs because of their availability at a low price with a high adsorption capacity and very efficient in the adsorption of pesticides from surface waters.
In our study, we focused on the utilization of novel, natural and synthetic materials as sustainable and eco-friendly adsorbent of certain heavy metals (Cu), drug (OTC), and pesticide (DLM) from wastewater. The wastewater samples were collected from Kom Abu-Rady, Bayad Al-Arab, Beni Suleiman, Tazmant, Al-Sahara, Al-Fashn and Ehnasya. These areas are chosen to represent different degrees of water pollution in Beni-Suef governorate. We utilized the ternary layered double hydroxide (LDH) as an efficient adsorbent. Also, we enhanced the removal efficiency of the synthesized ternary LDH via loading 3-amino1H-1,2,4-triazole (Tz) using the co-precipitation method. The synthesized adsorbents, characterization before and after the adsorption processes were established using different techniques. The differences between the two adsorbents were investigated in terms of factors affecting the adsorption process, like pH, the dose of adsorbent, concentration and time. The adsorption isotherm was investigated at pH 5 with a high regression coefficient (R2) of 0.98, showing a maximum adsorption capacity of 118.45 mg/g for (Cu2+ metal ions) using Mg-Zn-Fe LDH as adsorbent, whereas the investigation using the modified LDH (Mg-Zn-Fe LDH/Tz) with high R2 of 0.99 showing maximum adsorption capacity of 185.30 mg/g. Kinetic studies were estimated. LDH/Tz/Cu2+ and pyro (WCFs/PE/Cu/PE) were used as consecutive adsorption for oxytetracycline (OTC) and deltamethrin (DLM) removal, respectively. The results showed a high adsorption capacity (134.60 mg/g) and (20.51 mg/g) for LDH/Tz/Cu2+ and pyro (WCFs/PE/Cu/PE). The removal of Cu2+ metal ions from Beni Suleiman simulated realistic industrial wastewater by Mg-Zn-Fe LDH, Mg-Zn-Fe LDH/Tz and WCFs/PE reached up to 94%, 97.5%, and 96.29%, respectively, achieving good adsorption performance and great potential for removing Cu2+ metal ions from the wastewater. The safety and cytotoxicity of the applied materials were investigated, the results showed the relative relationship between cell viability and concentration.