الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Amblyopia is defined clinically as a decrease in visual acuity in one or both eyes that is brought on by improper binocular interaction during the critical time of visual development and cannot be related to any abnormalities of the eyes or the visual system.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology defines amblyopia as either a visual acuity lower than or equal to 20/30 with the best optical correction, or an interocular difference of two lines or more in a visual acuity chart. Amblyopia is thought to affect 2% to 4% of people in the Western world.
There are many types of amblyopia, deprivation, anisometropic, strabismic and mixed amblyopia. Patching of the sound eye is one of its treatment options.
Our study aims to evaluate visual acuity and transient Pattern reversal (PR) visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in the sound eyes of children with strabismic and or anisometric amblyopia.
It is prospective, comparative, observational study of 56 cases divided into two groups, group A with strabismic and or anisometric amblyopia before and after 3 months of patching treatment for 2 hours/day for moderate amblyopia and 6 hours/day for severe amblyopia according to the PEDIG study and the other is group B of healthy control cases. Their age from 5 to 14 years old. Patients were diagnosed with amblyopia by ophthalmological examination, inter- ocular acuity difference of at least two lines using Snellen chart, best optical correction, and normal fundus. Anisometropia were determined by one or more of the following:
A difference of at least 1.00 diopter (D) in spherical component; a difference of 0.75 D in the cylindrical component, or a spherical equivalent difference of more than 1.50 D.
We excluded the presence of any other eye condition that could decrease visual acuity; any neurological disease or a history of seizure or use of anti-seizure medication.
The study shows that there are significant differences in baseline P100 amplitude measures between amblyopic eyes of group A and control eyes of group B, as well as between amblyopic eyes and sound eyes of group A. Specifically, there was a higher percentage of reduced P100 amplitude in the amblyopic eyes compared to both control eyes and the sound eyes. This suggests that amblyopia is associated with reduced neural activity in the visual system, which is consistent with previous researches.
However, there was no significant difference in baseline P100 latency measures between amblyopic eyes and controls, or between amblyopic eyes and sound eyes of group A. This suggests that the timing of neural activity in the visual system may not be significantly affected by amblyopia.
Overall, these findings suggest that VEP measures is useful in the diagnosis and management of amblyopia, particularly in cases where there is a suspicion of reduced neural activity in the visual system.
Patching therapy resulted in a significant improvement invisual acuity (BCVA) and P100 amplitude in the amblyopic eye among cases, but not in the sound eye as there was prolonged p100 latency compared to that of controls and also deterioration in P100 latency in the amblyopic eye among cases after 3 months of patching.
These findings are consistent with previous researches on the use of patching therapy to treat amblyopia, which has shown that this approach can result in significant improvements in visual acuity and neural activity in the visual system.
Additionally, there are no significant differences in P100 latency or amplitude follow up in the sound eyes among amblyopic cases after 3 months of patching suggests that the treatment may not have any detrimental effects on the visual system in this eye. This is an important consideration, as concerns have been raised about potential negative effects of patching therapy on the sound eye.
Further researches are needed to investigate the long-term effects of patching on visual function and explore the potential role of VEP measures in monitoring treatment outcomes and also to explore alternative treatment options for amblyopia.