الفهرس 
AcknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Enterococci were first discovered in human fecal flora in 1899. It wasn’t until the end of the nineteenth century when two different authors Thiercelin and MacCallum described human enterococcal infections in detail. Nevertheless, exposure of hospitalized patients to antibiotics results in major modifications of the gut microbiota, which facilitate colonization of the GIT by drug-resistant Enterococci. Urinary tract infections, bacteremia, intra-abdominal infections, and endocarditis are illnesses caused by microorganisms of the genus Enterococcus (most notably E. faecalis and E.faecium). Enterococci have an intrinsic resistance to some types of antibiotics and acquired resistance to the other ones.
This study was aimed to isolate Enterococcus species from raw milk and stool of children who suffered from gastroenteritis, as well as detection of antibiotic resistance genes phenotypic by using Vitek 2 Compact System and genotypic by Muliplex PCR.
One hundred and seventy raw milk samples were collected from Assiut University farm, farms from rural areas, and milk laboratories in Assiut city, and 110 stool samples were collected from children suffering from gastroenterities admitted to the Assiut University Children’s Hospital, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University.
Our present study revealed that the incidence of Enterococci in raw milk was 11.8% and in stool of children was 32.7% . E.faecium, E.feacalis, E.durans and E.hiare were the most species isolated with percentages 30%, 25%, 30% and 15%, respectively. In stool samples E.faecium was the most predominant species isolated with a prevalence of 86.1% followed by E.avium with a percentage of 11.1% and E.gallinarum 2.8%.
The most species showed resistance to three antimicrobial agents was E.faecium and mostly harboured the three resistant genes followed by E.avium and E.gallinerum. E.durans and E,hiare showed no resistance to any antimicrobial agents but found to carry the two resistant genes (ermB and tetM).
The present study revealed that the percentage of tetracycline resistance was found to be 35% in milk samples isolates. Erythromycin resistance was 20%. Only two strains found to be vancomycin resistant. Multi-drug resistant was isolated with a percentage of 10%. About 5% was found to be resistant to ampicillin. The low resistance rate was found in high level gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and linezolid with a percentage of 5% for each antiboitc.No resistance was found in high level streptomycin, nitrofurantoin and tigecycline.
In stool samples isolates, the resistance to β-lactams group was present with an incidence of 94.4% in children suffering from gastroenterities. High resistance to high level streptomycin was detected in our study with a percentage of 88.9%. Tetracycline resistance was found in isolated samples with a percentage of 69.4%. Erythromycin resistance was detected in 63.9% of children suffering from gastroenteritis. Ciprofloxacin resistance was found to be 41.7% in our study. Only three strains found to be vancomycin resistant with a percentage of 8.2%.The low resistance was found in linezolid with 2.8% percentage. No resistance was detected in tigecycline. Multi-drug resistant strains were found to be 94.4% (34/36).
ErmB gene was found in raw milk with percentage 100%, while aph(3′)IIIa was not detected. TetM was 100% percentage in raw milk. Esp was found with a percentage 5%. ErmB gene was detected in 35% of erythromycin-susceptible strains and TetM was detected in 65% of tetracycline-susceptible strains in milk samples.
ErmB gene was found in stool samples with percentage 100%, while aph(3′)IIIa was found in isolates with a prevalence of 63.9% .
TetM was 91.8% percentage. Esp was found with a percentage 25%. All erythromycin-resistant strains carried ermB, while tetracycline-susceptible strains harboured the tetM resistance gene at a rate of 25%.