الفهرس 
Gastric ulcersOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 117 |  |  |
| | | from | 117 | | |
Abstract
Peptic ulcer is a digestive tract disease which characterized by a mucosal rupture with deepness greater than 3-5 mm in the stomach or duodenum. Gastric ulcer is a rife type of peptic ulcer that can turn into a dangerous chronic disease of the upper digestive tract. Worldwide, the prevalence rate of peptic ulcer is about 80% in the developing countries and 40% in developed countries. Gastric ulcer is a chronic disease induced by an imbalance among offensive factors (gastric hydrochloric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive intake of alcohol, reactive free radicals and oxidants) and defensive mechanisms (mucus, prostaglandin, barrier, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow and others) in the gastric mucosa. Gastric ulcer is characterized by necrosis, reduced blood flow, infiltration of neutrophils, inflammation and oxidative stress. The most common symptoms of peptic ulcer are waking at night with upper abdominal pain that increases with eating as well as belching, vomiting, heartburn, nocturnal pain, nausea, postprandial pain, weight loss due to decreased appetite. Several antiulcer drugs were used to prevent and treat gastric ulcers, these drugs have many side effects such as diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness skin rash, stomach pain, muscle aches and headache were happened However, the prolonged use of these drugs may be caused hepatotoxicity and enteric infections. Bleeding, perforation, or gastric outlet obstruction are the main complications of peptic ulcer disease. pomegranate peels and chitosan have rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidants properties so may be used them as preventive foods for stomach ulcers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of pomegranate peels and chitosan on gastric ulcer in adult rats.
Forty-eight adult male albino rats, Sprague Dawley Strain, weighting (170±5g) was fed a standard diet for seven days as an adaptation period. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups (6 rats each) as follows:
group (1): Rats fed standard diet only as a control negative group (healthy group).
group (2): Rats fed standard diet only as a control positive group.
group (3): Rats fed standard diet containing 2.5% of dried pomegranate peels
group (4): Rats fed standard diet containing 5% of dried pomegranate peels.
group (5): Rats fed standard diet containing 7.5% of pomegranate peels
group (6): Rats fed standard diet containing 2.5% of chitosan.
group (7): Rats fed standard diet containing 5% of chitosan.
group (8): Rats fed standard diet containing 7.5% of chitosan.
At the end of experimental period (29th day), all rats were deprived of food for 24 hr. before ulcer induction and allowed to drink water only. The second, third, fourth to eighth groups were given a single orally dose of ethyl alcohol at 10 ml/kg body weight to induce gastric ulceration for while negative control group (healthy group) received a single orally dose of saline (0.9%, w/v). After two hour later and under anesthesia by diethyl ether, abdominal wall was opened, gastric juice collected and centrifuged for studying of gastric secretion parameters. The stomach was also separated to determine the histopathological examination and antioxidants parameters.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
First: chemical composition , total phenols and total flavonoids of pomegranate peels powder and chitosan.
1. Results showed that the pomegranate peels powder (ppp) had carbohydrate (76.613%), moisture (7.837%), fat (1.047%), fiber (11.700%), ash (1.382%) and protein (1.430%). Moreover, pomegranate peel powder contains flavonoids (60.143 mg catechin/100gm) and total phenols (23.967 mg gallic/100gm).
2. Chitosan had moisture (7.24%), ash (1.76%), fat (0.51%), protein (1.25%), fiber (7.80%) and carbohydrate (81.44%). It was also found that chitosan contains total phenols (17.90 mg GAE//100g) and total flavonoids (30.15 mg CAT/100g).
Second: Gastric ulcer parameters
1. The negative control rats had significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher in pH and lower (P≤ 0.05) in volume gastric juice, titratable acidity and total acid output as compared with stomach ulcer rats (positive group) and stomach ulcer rats supplemented with (2.5, 5, 7.5%) of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan.
2. Oral administration of ethanol to rats caused development of lesions in the gastric mucosa leading to significantly (P≤ 0.05) elevation in volume gastric juice, tetrable acidity and total acid output and decline (P≤ 0.05) in pH as compared with normal rats.
3. The voluim of gastric juice, titratable acidity and total acid output were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased by increasing the replacement level of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan.
4. Supplementation stomach ulcer rats with 7.5% of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan was more effective in increasing pH values and reducing the values of volume of gastric juice, titratable acidity and total acid output than those supplemented with 2.5% and 5% levels.
5. Positive group which received ethyl alcohol had the higest ulcer score, ulcer index and % ulceration while, preventive index had an opposite trend as compared with gastric ulcer groups pretreated with pomegranate peel powder or chitosan.
6. Supplementation stomach ulcer rats with 2.5, 5 and 7.5% of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan led to an increasement in preventive index and decline the ulcer score, ulcer index and % ulceration as compared with positive control rats.
7. Stomach ulcer rats supplemented with 7.5% level of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan had the highest increase in preventive index and the highest reduction in ulcer score, ulcer index, % ulceration. than those supplemented with 2.5 and 5% of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan.
8. Stomach ulcer rats had lower catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activites and higher MDA level than rats in negative control group. The decrease in the activities of CAT, Gpx, SOD and increase in the levels of MDA may be due to the oxidative stress resulting from exposure to ethyl alcohol on the stomach.
9. The levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, Gpx and CAT) were markedly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in stomach ulcer rats which supplemented with pomegranate peel powder or chitosan (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) while MDA had an opposite trend as compared with positive control rats.
10. Stomach ulcer rats supplemented with 7.5% of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan had the highest in GPx, CAT and SOD activities and the lowest in the levels of MDA as compared with positive control rats.
Third: Sensory properties
1. There was no significant (p>0.05) changes in appearance, taste, flavor and compressibility were observed among baldy bread prepared with different levels of pomegranate peels powder (2.5, 5 and 7.5%) and control bread .
2. The lowest values of texture and overall acceptability were recorded in bread prepared with 7.5% of pomegranate peels powder .
3. Moreover, there were no significant (P> 0.05) changes was observed in texture of baldy breads prepared with 2.5% and 5% of pomegranate peels powder.
4. No significant (p>0.05) difference in color was found between bread prepared with 5 and 7.5% of pomegranate peels powder.
5. There was no significant (p>0.05) changes in appearance, texture, compressibility color and overall acceptability were found among baldy bread prepared with(2.5, 5 and 7.5%) of chitosan and control bread.
6. Non-significant changes (P> 0.05) were observed in taste and flavor between baldy breads prepared with 2.5% of chitosan and control breads.
7. The lowest values of taste and flavor were recorded in baldy breads prepared with 7.5% of chitosan.
Fourth: Histopathology examination
Results indicated that stomach ulcer rats which fed with a diet supplemented with pomegranate peel powder or chitosan (5 and 7.5%) showed an improvement in gastric histopathology as compared with the positive control rats . The best histological examination of stomach tissue was observed in stomach ulcer rats which fed a diet supplemented with 7.5% of pomegranate peel powder or chitosan.