الفهرس 
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Abstract
The epidemic of coronavirus had invaded the world and has resulted in the worst crisis that every person has ever experienced. Two thirds of the world converted general hospitals to corona hospitals, and reports show the increased number of deaths every day (Brooks et al., 2020).
Coronavirus disease can affect children directly and indirectly. Despite getting sick, many children’s social, emotional, and mental well-being has been impacted by the pandemic (Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).
Aim of the study
This study aimed to assess the perception of mothers and their children regarding COVID-19.
The present study was carried out through the four main designs as follows:
I. Technical design
II. Operational design.
III. Administrative design.
IV. Statistical design
I- Technical design:
The technical design includes research design, setting, subject and tools of data collection.
Research design:
A descriptive exploratory design was utilized to achieve the aim of the study.
Research Settings:
This study was conducted at the outpatient clinics of; a Pediatric Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University; Imbaba Fever Hospital affiliated to General Organization for Teaching Hospitals and Institutes in addition to Altahrir General Hospital affiliated to Giza Governorate.
Subject:
A convenience sample of 110 mothers and their children in the previously mentioned study settings (Appendix VI) regardless of their characteristics over 3 months. The sample size was estimated by using the sample size formula
n=(N×P(1-P))/([N-1×(d2÷Z2)]+P(1-P))
Tool of the study:
Questionnaire sheet (appendix III)
It was developed by the researcher and written in simple Arabic language based on an extensive review of relevant and recent literature to assess the perception of mothers and their children regarding COVID19. It included the following parts:
Part 1: characteristics of mothers and their children such as age, qualifications, housing conditions and previous history of COVID-19 infection.
Part 2: Mothers and their children’s perception/knowledge regarding COVID19 such as definition, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission, the impact, complications, prevention, management, and care.
Scoring system:
Perception of both mothers’ and their children’s were checked with a model key answer (Appendix IV) prepared by the researcher where each correct knowledge/perception was scored one and zero for each incorrect answer. The total number of questions were 23 questions equal 100%. These scores were summed up and converted into a percentage score. Then the total score of perception that was equal to 100% was classified into either good (>65%) average (50:65%) or poor (<50%) knowledge/perception.
II. Operational Design
Included preparatory phase, ethical considerations, content validity, reliability of the tool, pilot study, work field, and administration design.
A-Preparatory phase:
The researcher reviewed related recent literature to cover the various aspects of the research problem using articles, magazines, books, and websites to develop the study tool.
B-Ethical considerations: (Appendix VII)
Approval was obtained from the Scientific Research Ethical Committee Faculty of Nursing at Ain Shams University to conduct this study and oral approval from each subject after clarification that the study was harmless, and all the gathered data were treated confidentially for the research purpose only. The researcher was assuring anonymity and confidentiality of subject’s data. Mothers and their children were informed that they were allowed to choose to participate or not in the study and assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any time.
C-Content validity: (Appendix V)
The questionnaire sheet was tested for its face and content validity by a panel of experts in pediatric nursing.
D-Reliability of the study tool:
The reliability of the questionnaire sheet was tested by Cronbach’s Alpha test to measure intensity of relation between variables was 0.801 (good reliability).
E-Pilot study:
A pilot study was carried out in the second half of December 2021, before the actual data collection. The pilot study included 10% of the study subjects (n=11) regardless of their characteristics to ensure clarity, and applicability and to estimate the time to fill the questionnaire sheet. The final form of the questionnaire sheet was developed.
F- Field work:
Once permission was granted to proceed with the study, actual data collections were carried out in the period from January 2022 to March 2022. It was included in the implementation of the study where data was gathered through individual interviews with both mothers and their children. The purpose of the study was simply explained to the mothers and their children under the study before data collection.
The researcher started the interview with each mother and her child individually using the data collection questionnaire. The researcher explained the aim of the study and the expected outcome. Mothers and their children were asked to fulfill the questionnaire, so the researcher read, and explained the steps of the study and the choices recorded by the researcher, while the educated mothers read and fulfilled the questionnaire by themselves.
The time consumed to fill out the full questionnaire ranged from 15 to 20 minutes. The researcher visited each study setting 2 times/week from 9-12 am by rotation to collect data and implement the study. Data collection lasted for 3 months. The collected data was checked with a model key answer and accordingly, their perception was evaluated. Protective measures were followed during the interview.
III. Administrative design: (Appendix II)
An official letter from the Faculty of Nursing was delivered to the director of each study setting with an explanation of the aim of the study and its expected outcomes.
VI. Statistical Design:
The data obtained were organized, analyzed, and presented in the form of tables and figures using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Qualitative variables were presented in the form of frequencies and percentages; quantitative variables were presented in the form of mean and SD. The Qui-square and Fisher tests were used to test the significance of the results obtained. A statistically significant difference was considered at P < 0.05 and insignificant at P >0.05.
Limitation of the study
Exposure of the researcher and the family to COVID-19 that result in delaying in data collection until recovery.
Results:
The findings of the current study can be summarized as the following:
More than half of mothers had ages between 30: ≥ 40 years old and more than one-third had a secondary or technical education.
More than one-third of the studied children were between ages 6 < -9 years old. More than half of them were males. Also, 10.0% of them were working.
Almost three-quarters of the households were from urban residences.
More than two-thirds of family members had previous COVID-19 infection. More than half of children were exposed to an infected person. Also, one-third of children had a previous history of COVID-19.
More than half of mothers had mentioned fever, cough, the difficulty of breathing, fatigue, diarrhea and vomiting as signs and symptoms that need medical help.
More than one-third of mothers reported follow care with the physician at home. While more than one-third mentioned disinfecting surfaces and hands and all family members worn a mask at home respectively.
Less than one-third of mothers’ care included treating disease, preventing complications, infection control, and reducing pain respectively.
As regard signs of recovery from COVID-19 it was found that one-third of mothers mentioned disappearance of COVID-19 manifestations of infection, ending of isolation period and improving the results of investigations.
Nearly one-fifth of mothers’ mentioned post COVID signs and symptoms were cough, and headache.
More than half of the mothers recognized COVID-19 as a viral infection, while it was unknown to more than one-quarter of studied children.
More than two-thirds of mothers report direct contact with an infected person while more than one-third of studied children report trading notes and coins as a transmission mode of COVID-19.
About half of mothers and more than two-thirds of the studied children mentioned cough and difficulty breathing as signs and symptoms of COVID-19.
Concerning the complications of COVID-19, more than three-quarters of mothers and more than half of the studied children reported respiratory problems.
Nearly two-thirds of mothers reported vaccination for adults and children, while 52.7% of the studied children reported vaccination was for children only. Vaccines were effective and safe as reported by 54.5% of the mothers and 20% of the studied children.
Concerning the impact of COVID-19 on family members’ relationship, it was found that about one-third of the mothers and of the studied children reported coping by using alternative solutions. As regards the relation between siblings, more than one-third of the mothers don’t notice any change, and more than two-fifths of the children reported increasing cooperation and participation. Also, half of the mothers mentioned that family income has been affected by COVID-19, but more than half of the studied children reported that there was no impact on family income.
Outside home preventive measures are known to more than half of the mothers and less than one-third of the studied children. Change clothes just at home entry and hand washing are reported by 14.5% & 20.9% of mothers and their children respectively.
There is a relation between the characteristics of studied mothers and their total perception/knowledge regarding COVID-19 except with mother’s age.
There is a relation between the characteristics of studied children and their total perception/knowledge regarding COVID-19 and their level of education.