الفهرس 
AIM OF THE STUDYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has a biological basis. It is characterized by two important domains of impairment, namely deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. The reported incidence of ASD spectrum disorders has increased dramatically over the past two decades. It is a complex disease having genetic and environmental factors for example exposure to certain teratogens second trimester of pregnancy as valproate (VPA). Studies have shown that genetic factors remain important. Added to this, early prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental toxins causes the release of ROS. Which induces the pathological changes of ASD. The brain of autistic children shows several neuropathological abnormalities, one of the most prevalent observations in the context of ASD is the elevation of serotonin levels in the bloodstream. It is noteworthy that serotonin is recognized for its involvement in the process of brain development.
The study was carried out as the following: This study was conducted at the National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. Conducted on 40 female albino rats, all rats were mated overnight mating was confirmed by the presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal smear, and the presence of a vaginal plug. Thirty-five pregnant females received a single Intraperitoneal injection of 800 mg/kg body weight VPA on the 11th day of gestation. The remaining 5 pregnant females received a single Intraperitoneal injection of a similar volume of saline, After delivery they were allowed to raise their offspring till weaning males of the spring were divided into 5 groups:
group 1 (control -): These include eight male offspring selected from the offspring of the oral saline mother group and treated orally by 0.5% CMC as 5 ml /kg bwt.
group 2 (Control +): These include eight male offspring selected from the offspring of the oral valproic acid (VPA) mother group and orally treated by 0.5% CMC as 5ml /kg bwt.
group 3 (VPA+ MOR): These include eight male offspring selected from the offspring of the oral VPA mother group who were orally gavaged by 400 mg/kg/day of the moringa oleifera extract for 24 days suspended in the same value of the vehicle.
group 4 (VPA+ RIS): These include eight male offspring selected from the offspring of the oral VPA mother group who were orally gavaged with 1gm/kg/day of RIS for 24 days suspended in the same value of the vehicle.
group 5 (VPA+ MOR+ RIS): These include eight male offspring selected from the offspring of the oral VPA mother group who were orally gavage with 400 mg/kg/day of the moringa oleifera extract plus 1gm/kg/day of RIS for 24 days.
Biological evolution and growth: Weights were recorded weekly. The rats were subject to behavior tasks such as three box chambers and y maze on the last 3 days of the experiment before the decapitation after sacrificed the liver, brain, and blood were collected. The serum was used for the determination of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Creatinin, and Urea. Brain cortex and brainstem were homogenized for determined of uric acid, nitric oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), Total Antioxidant activity (TAA), Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), Serotonin (5-HT), Norepinephrine (NE), and Dopamine (DA). Also, histological examination was performed for the liver and brain tissues.
The present study found that: Moringa extract could attenuate behavior deficits together with the improvement of the monoaminergic system. In contrast, risperidone had a poor effect on behavioral improvement and monoamines levels. Moringa extract reduces behavior deficiencies through the three-box chamber although the Y maze test and co-administration with RIS enhance behavior normality. The observed in VPA+MOR+RIS treated group in comparison with VPA+ MOR treated group showed an improvement in body weight, serum aspartate aminotransferase activity, and serum creatinine content. This improvement could probably be due to the desirable healing compounds in the MOR. It improves oxidative stress indicators such as uric acid, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and nitric oxide. Moringa has a modulator impact on neurotransmitters such as the monoaminergic system (NE, DA, and 5-HT) and AChE activity. As a result, it is reasonable to assume that MOR extract had a protective impact due to its effect on behavioral, antioxidant, and monoamine levels if treated alone or with RIS.