الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most common blood-borne illnesses.
In about 75% of HCV infections, chronic illness develops. Patients are frequently asymptomatic from the onset of infection until the development of cirrhosis, which means that many are ignorant of their infection status and go undetected for years.
Chronic HCV infection results in cirrhosis, hepatocellular cancer, and liver cell failure.
Egypt has the greatest rate of HCV infection due to the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the frequent use of risky intravenous injections to treat it.
Although HCV is a hepatotropic virus, multiple studies have shown that it can also harm organs and tissues outside of the liver, such as the kidney, skin, oral mucosa, pancreatic tissue, gut, and tissues of the adrenal glands. Additionally connected to oral cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma is HCV infection.
This study investigated the association between extrahepatic malignancies and HCV seropositivity to assess if HCV seropositivity influences the behavior and prognosis of cancer.
The 3219 study participants were split into two groups: 1669 clinically and histopathologically confirmed cases of lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer who were admitted to the oncology department, and 1550 age- and sex-matched non-cancer controls who were randomly chosen from visitors to Beni Suef University hospital during the same time period (control group).
193 participants were not included in the trial because it was unclear what type of HCV infection they had. The 1476 remaining patients were separated into four groups based on the types of cancer they each had (174 lung, 229 colorectal, 122 pancreatic, and 951 breast cancer cases). The anti-HCV seroprevalence of these patients was then compared to that of non-cancer controls.
The relationships between the HCV serocondition and the initial TNM stage, histological grade, histopathological type, and survival of the disease were assessed in the remaining 1283 cancer patients. The removal of 193 more cancer patients was necessary because follow-up in those cases had been lost before treatment.
Based on whether they were taking HCV medicine, the 146 HCV seropositive cancer patients were divided into two groups, and the relationship between HCV therapy use and cancer survival was looked at.
Age, sex, initial tumor stage information (TNM), tumor grade, tumor histopathological type, anti-HCV serological status at diagnosis, length of survival, date and status at the most recent hospital visit, and other pertinent information were collected for all confirmed cases of lung, colorectal, pancreatic, and breast cancer from the hospital medical record system.
In this investigation, we discovered no statistically significant differences between the cancer group and the control group in the mean age, sex distribution, location of residence, or degree of education (P = 0.425, 0.781, 0.569, and 0.110, respectively).
HCV seropositive subjects were significantly more common in late TNM stages for colorectal cancer (P = 0.016), despite the fact that there was no statistically significant difference in histopathological grading or TNM stage for lung, colorectal, pancreatic, or breast malignancies (P: 0.001, 0.001, 0.025, 0.001, and 0.031, respectively). HCV seropositive individuals were significantly older than seronegative subjects in cases of lung, colorectal, and breast cancer, but not significantly older in cases of pancreatic cancer (P = 0.042, 0.006, and 0.149, respectively).
Based on HCV seropositivity, the histological subtypes of breast, colorectal, and lung cancer do not significantly differ (P = 0.129, 0.937, and 0.578, respectively). Both HCV seropositive and HCV seronegative patients were found to have the histologically classified form of pancreatic cancer known as adenocarcinoma.
We found that the mean predicted survival durations of participants who tested positive for HCV were considerably shorter than those of participants who tested negative for the virus in both colorectal and pancreatic cancers (P = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Breast and lung tumors did not differ statistically significantly from one another (P > 0.05 in both cases).
Our research shows a statistically significant difference in survival between those with HCV seropositive and HCV seronegative status for people with colorectal and pancreatic cancers (P = 0.002 and 0.004, respectively). HCV seropositive patients with lung cancer have a non-significantly decreased chance of surviving than HCV seronegative patients (P = 0.927). Patients with HCV positivity had a non-significantly increased chance of surviving breast cancer compared to those who test negative for the virus (P = 0.513).
Patients in this study who tested positive for HCV and received antiviral therapy for colorectal and breast cancer had significantly longer median estimated survival times than those who did not receive antiviral therapy (P = 0.013 and 0.009, respectively), but not for lung or pancreatic cancer (P = 0.466 and 0.929, respectively).